Bispectral Index and Clinical Parameters Evaluation in Different Dental Procedures With Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Sedation
Bispectral Index and Clinical Parameters Evaluation in Different Dental Procedures With Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Sedation
BACKGROUND: The degree of consciousness during nitrous oxide use is still a matter of concern for both dentists and anesthesiologists. Investigators hypothesized that BIS levels do not vary according nitrous oxide concentration during minimum to moderate sedation in the dental treatment.
METHODS: One hundred patients undergoing dental procedures demanding local anesthesia (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine) were enrolled in this study. Initial pain and anxiety were measured by 11-point numerical and anxiety visual scales, respectively. Systolic/diastolic arterial blood pressure, SpO2, heart and respiratory rates, and psychomotor ability (Trieger test) were assessed before, during and after dental treatment. Sedation levels were evaluated by both BIS and sedation analogic scale at the same intervals. The duration of treatment along with nitrous oxide concentration and side effects were observed. Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests were used (alpha=5%).
One-hundred ASA I / II volunteers of both genders were selected in different dental speciality clinics (restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, and oral surgery) of Dental Institute of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro PUC-Rio).
After anamnesis and obtaining written informed consent, all volunteers were asked to fill an 11-point numerical scale in order to quantify the initial pain. The scale showed 0 as "no pain" and 10 as the "worst pain imaginable". In addition, volunteers were also asked to fill a facial image scale in order to determine the initial anxiety. This scale showed four levels: 0 corresponding to absolutely calm; 1 - slightly stressed; 2 - stressed; and 3 - extremely stressed.
The volunteers were positioned in the dental chair and instructed to fill a Trieger test (psychomotor evaluation) during the following periods: 1) before sedation; 2) during the sedation (10 minutes after respiratory stabilization with N2O/O2); and 3) 10 minutes after the end of sedation. The number of wrong connected points (precision) and the time required to fill all points were used to estimate psychomotor ability.
A pulse oxymeter was placed in the volunteers' thumb and an electronic sphygmomanometer was positioned in the forearm in order to evaluate oxygen saturation (SpO2), systolic and diastolic pressures, and hearth rate during the same moments of the Trieger test. Respiratory rate was evaluated at same moments, by direct observation of thoracic movements.
The electrodes of BIS monitor were placed and the values were obtained at same operatory periods previously described, despite the continuous BIS monitoring. After BIS-signal stabilization, the dental procedure and the sedation with N2O/O2 were explained to the volunteer. Two previously calibrated operators installed BIS electrodes, applied the Trieger test and sedated all subjects. A third operator performed the dental treatments.
Five minutes after reaching ideal sedation level, the anesthetic solution (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine) was injected. Right after the end of clinical procedure, 100% O2 were provided during 5 minutes and a new Trieger test was filled out. The volunteer was dismissed if this last Trieger test was compatible with the first one. At this moment, they were also asked about discomfort or complications. The duration and type of dental procedure were also registered.
The N2O/O2 equipment was composed by two flow meters with an anti-hypoxia system valve, 70% N2O maximum disposal and 30 L/min O2 valve to immediate oxygen dispensation. Masks were individually selected, being 100% O2 (6 L/min) dispensed until respiratory rate stabilization. N2O was incremented at 10% each 2 minutes (70% max, if necessary) until some of the following signals were noticed: silence, relax/comfort report, decreased eyelid movements, decreased spontaneous body movements, warm sensation, tingling sensation or numbness at feet, hands or oral region, and slightly euphoric sensation. The dental procedure started after 5 min from the ideal sedation achievement.
The sedation level was scored by using the five-points Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale, previously described elsewhere. In addition, BIS was used to monitoring brain cortical activity at 0.5 to 30 Hz frequency bandwidth, checking impedance before every reading. Impedance remained below 800 ohms. Zipprep-type electrodes were placed according to manufacturer instructions. Fp1-Fpz was monitored in channel 1, Fp2-Fpz in channel 2 and the ground reference was placed on the pre-auricular region. BIS and both BIS channel waves were recorded from successive 2 seconds periods 13 and updated at every 5 seconds. The automatic artifact detection and rejection system of the BIS monitor were used. Baseline levels were obtained before sedation.
Results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis' (Dunn), Friedman's, Mann-Whitney's and Spearman's correlation tests. The significance level was set at 5%. The analysis was performed by using BioEstat 5.0.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: