The proposed study is a 12-month, individual randomized controlled trial (RCT). The main aim of the study is to decrease cardiovascular disease risk (BMI percentile, neck circumference) and improve child diet quality in children ages 5-10 years old by increasing family meal quality (i.e., dietary intake, interpersonal atmosphere) and quantity (i.e., frequency of family meals) via innovative technology (i.e., ecological momentary intervention (EMI), video feedback) and partnerships with primary care and Community Health Workers (CHWs).

The RCT has the following three arms: (1) Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI); (2) EMI + HV + Video feedback (virtual); (3) EMI + HV + Video feedback (hybrid). Delivery of the intervention will last 6 months for each family, with a 6-month post-intervention evaluation visit. All arms will receive EMI family meal tips via smartphones for 16 weeks. Arms 2 and 3 will also receive 16 weeks of in-home training (arm 2 will be virtual, arm 3 will be hybrid virtual/in-home), with 8 weeks (every other week) in-home education visits with a CHW focused on family meal quality and quantity and family meal preparation activities and 8 weeks "Try it Yourself" activities that reinforce the messages and skills taught by a CHW. Additionally, Arms 2 and 3 will receive video feedback from family's video-recorded family meals by a CHW focusing on family behaviors related to family meal quality and quantity. (EMI, in-home training, and video-feedback will occur during the same 16-week period.) After families have completed 16 weeks of the intervention, a 8-week maintenance phase will ensue. Having a maintenance phase is an evidence-based intervention component and will provide incrementally less support to families to build self-efficacy and increase sustainability of new behaviors. Over time, participants will receive less study support to evaluate if participants have internalized healthful behaviors. During the maintenance phase EMI meal tips will be reduced to only the days in which parents report their highest stress levels for all arms. The study will last 12 months, with three assessment time points including, baseline, 6 months (i.e., post-intervention) and 12 months.

Children ages 5-10 and family members (i.e., parent/primary caregiver, siblings) from low-income and diverse households (i.e., African American, Asian, Hispanic, Native American, White) - who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease - will be recruited for the study. Theory informs the intervention study design, research questions and related hypotheses, methods, measurement, and analysis. Family Systems Theory drives the decision to direct the intervention at the "family unit" to increase the likelihood of individual and family-level weight and weight-related behavior change and sustainability. Additionally, partnerships with existing community-based healthcare systems and CHWs will be utilized to reach participants in community settings.

This study utilizes innovative and research-informed intervention components (i.e., in-home visiting, EMI, video-feedback) to increase the likelihood of intervention effectiveness and sustainability.

Specific Aims of the Intervention Include:

• Aim 1 (Primary Outcomes): Conduct a three-arm RCT comparing EMI, EMI+HV, and EMI+HV+Video Feedback in diverse children ages 5-10 and their families to test the hypotheses that:

Hypothesis 1: BMI percentile and neck circumference will decrease and diet quality will increase in children in the EMI+HV+Video Feedback hybrid arm compared to children in the EMI or virtual-only arms.

• Aim 2 (Secondary Outcomes): Examine intervention effects on familial, parental, and sibling factors.

Hypothesis 1: Family meal quality and quantity will increase in households with children in the EMI+HV+ Video Feedback hybrid arm compared to children in the EMI or virtual arms.

Hypothesis 2: Controlling feeding practices (e.g., restriction) will decrease and coping skills will increase in parents in the EMI+HV+Video Feedback hybrid arm compared to parents in the EMI or virtual arms.

Hypothesis 3: BMI percentile will decrease in siblings in the EMI+HV+Video Feedback hybrid arm compared to siblings in the EMI or virtual arms.

• Aim 3: Examine cost effectiveness and feasibility of intervention implementation in primary care.

Hypothesis 1: The BMI z-score and neck circumference reduction resulting from the intervention will be cost-effective.

STUDY INCLUSION CRITERIA

The inclusionary criteria used to select participants for the proposed study includes:

1. Boys and girls (n=500) ages 5-10 years old who attend a primary care clinic (e.g., pediatrics, family medicine) in Minneapolis or St. Paul metro area, Minnesota or Denver metro area, Colorado and their primary caregiver (e.g., mother, father, grandparent) and any other family members (e.g., sibling, cousin).
2. Must eat ≤3 family dinner meals per week. Research shows that youth who have more than three family meals per week are less likely to be obese/high risk for cardiovascular disease ten years later. Thus, families who report three or fewer family meals per week will be recruited to optimize the potential for change in family meal frequency. Families will focus on the family dinner in the intervention to improve their family meal quality and quantity. This decision is based on: (1) Family Systems Theory, which indicates that change in one setting (e.g., family dinner) will generalize to other settings (e.g., breakfast, lunch, snacks).
3. Child with age and sex adjusted BMI ≥75th percentile (no upper limit).
4. One of the following race/ethnicities: African American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, Native American, Asian American, or White. In order to examine racial/ethnic differences in study hypotheses, equal numbers of children per racial/ethnic group (total=500) will be recruited.
5. Parent and family members who speak English or Spanish.
6. Not expected to move within the next two years.

STUDY EXCLUSION CRITERIA

The exclusionary criteria used to exclude participants from the proposed study includes:

1. Children with medically necessary dietary restrictions.
2. Non-custodial parents, who the child does not live with more than 50% of the time.

Data from the proposed study will be shared through the NHLBI data repository. As required by NHLBI, the data set will be submitted to the study NHLBI study Program Official no later than 3 years after the end of the clinical activity (final patient follow-up, etc.) or 2 years after the main paper of the trial has been published, whichever comes first. Following the NHLBI policy for data sharing from clinical trials and epidemiological studies and the guidelines for NHLBI data set preparation, we will submit our data set including the following measures: baseline, interim visit, ancillary data, procedural based data, and outcome data, along with laboratory measurements not otherwise summarized. Data will be formatted using standard statistical software and modifications and redactions will follow NHLBI guidelines.

No later than 3 years after the end of the clinical activity (final patient follow-up, etc.) or 2 years after the main paper of the trial has been published, whichever comes first (following NHLBI policy for data sharing).

As specified by NHLBI, we will submit our data set including the following measures: baseline, interim visit, ancillary data, procedural based data, and outcome data, along with laboratory measurements not otherwise summarized. Data will be formatted using standard statistical software and modifications and redactions will follow NHLBI guidelines.

Like most behavioral interventions, it is not possible to double blind this RCT because interventionists will be delivering the in-home visiting components to participants. However, the proposed study incorporates participant, study staff, physician, and investigator blinding as much as possible. The intervention will be administered by trained staff assigned to the intervention team, who will not be involved with evaluation team responsibilities/meetings. Evaluation team members will carry out all measurement home visits and will be blinded to participant study arm assignment. They will not be involved with intervention team responsibilities/meetings. Specific co-investigators are responsible for training and supervising staff within the intervention team versus the evaluation team in to order to blind as many co-investigators as possible.