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Traditionally, spinal anesthesia is performed using the palpation of bony landmark to identify the level and point of entry of the spinal needle. Recently, ultrasound imaging has become an increasingly popular procedure among anesthesiologists to guide neuraxial blockade. Most of the studies on pre-procedural ultrasound-guided neuraxial techniques are limited to a midline approach using a transverse median views. The parasagittal oblique view consistently offers better ultrasound view of the neuraxis compared to the transverse median view. However, it is still not evident whether these superior parasagittal oblique views will lead to an easier paramedian needle insertion. In the literature, there are no studies directly comparing the US-guided paramedian approach using the parasagittal oblique (PSO) view, the US-guided midline approach using the transverse median view, and the conventional landmark midline approach to perform spinal anesthesia in the elderly patients, in particular for the teaching of novice anesthesia residents.
The aim of this study is to find out the optimal technique to perform spinal anesthesia by residents in training. Thus the investigators will compare preprocedural ultrasound-guided paramedian technique using parasagittal oblique view vs preprocedural ultrasound-guided midline technique using transverse median view vs landmark-guided midline technique of spinal anesthesia in the elderly population. Our hypothesis is that both preprocedural US-guided techniques are superior to the conventional landmark-guided midline technique with regard to ease of performance defined as success rate at first attempt, number of puncture attempts, spinal procedure time, and patient satisfaction.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Landmark technique | Active Comparator | As intervention, patients in this group are administered landmark guided midline spinal anesthesia. |
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| Ultrasound-guided paramedian technique | Experimental | As intervention, patients in this group are administered spinal anesthesia based on preprocedural ultrasound-guided paramedian technique using parasagittal oblique view |
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| Ultrasound-guided midline technique | Experimental | As intervention, patients in this group are administered spinal anesthesia based on preprocedural ultrasound-guided midline technique using transverse median view |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Landmark technique | Other | The site of needle insertion will be determined via manual palpation. A line joining the superior aspect of the iliac crests posteriorly (Tuffier's line') will be used as a surface landmark for the L4 vertebral body. The midline will be established by palpation of the tips of the spinous processes, and the site of needle insertion will be marked on the patient's skin. The interspace that appears widest, based on manual palpation, will be chosen for the first attempt. If the first attempt is unsuccessful, further attempts can be made at the same interspace or another interspace. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of successful dural puncture on the first needle insertion attempt | Rate of successful dural puncture on the first needle insertion attempt which is defined as the percentage of successful dural puncture on the first introducer needle advancement through skin; each skin puncture by introducer is considered as a needle insertion attempt. | up to 5 minutes from the start of insertion of the introducer of the spinal needle |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| overall success rate in every technique | Overall success rate in every technique is defined as percentage of successful spinal anesthesia as evidenced by CSF flow through the spinal needle before spinal drug injection and a sensory block level >T10 15min after injection of spinal drug. | 60 minutes from the start of insertion of introducer of the spinal needle |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sahar Siddik-Sayyid, MD | American University of Beirut Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American University of Beirut Medical center | Beirut | Lebanon |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31711438 | Derived | Rizk MS, Zeeni CA, Bouez JN, Bteich NJ, Sayyid SK, Alfahel WS, Siddik-Sayyid SM. Preprocedural ultrasound versus landmark techniques for spinal anesthesia performed by novice residents in elderly: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019 Nov 11;19(1):208. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0882-8. |
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| Ultrasound-guided paramedian technique | Other | The transducer will be applied in the parasagittal plane and the intervertebral levels will be identified by counting upwards from the sacrum (continuous hyperechoic line). The probe will then be angled obliquely to obtain a PSO view. The locations of the interlaminar spaces will be identified by visualizing the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body. The angulation at which the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex and posterior vertebral body are best visualized will be considered the optimal angle for needle insertion and clearly communicated to the operator. The interlaminar space will be centered on the ultrasound screen and a skin marker will be used to make a mark on the patient's back at the middle of the ultrasound probe. |
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| Ultrasound-guided midline technique | Other | The transducer will be applied in the parasagittal plane, and after identification of the intervertebral levels, the probe will be rotated 90 degree to obtain the TM view. The transducer is moved in a cephalad-caudad direction between the spinous processes of L2 and L5 vertebra. The probe will be tilted slightly up and down to ensure a sufficient echogenic window at the selected intervertebral space. A skin marker will be used to make a mark on the patient's back at the middle of the ultrasound probe. The angle at which the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body are best visualized will be noted |
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| Number of introducer needle insertion attempts | Number of introducer needle insertion attempts is defined as the number of times the introducer needle was withdrawn from the skin and reinserted. | 45 minutes from the start of insertion of introducer of the spinal needle |
| spinal procedure time | In groups US, period beginning when probe is first placed on patient's back and ending when examination is complete. In group LM, period beginning when patient's back is palpated first and ending when examination is complete. | 60 minutes |
| patient satisfaction | Patient satisfaction will be scored as following:
| 5 min after completion of administration of SA: |
| Number of spinal needle redirections | Spinal needle redirected without complete withdrawal of the introducer of the spinal needle from skin | 45 minutes |