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Diabetes is classified as an impairment of the body's ability to control blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can give rise to macrovascular (i.e., heart disease and stroke) and microvasculature damage such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. These comorbidities may definitively reduce quality of life.
Hypotheses to be tested:
Specific Aims and Hypothesis Diabetes is classified as an impairment of the body's ability to control blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can give rise to macrovascular (i.e., heart disease and stroke) and microvasculature damage such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. These comorbidities may definitively reduce quality of life.
Hypotheses to be tested:
Specific Aims:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| control | No Intervention | Control Treatment with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Blood glucose and insulin will be obtained following the protocol of Eicher et al (4). Participants will ingest a Placebo (inert, calorie free, stevia sweetener) with blood collections at 0,2,4,6,8,10,30 prior to a standard 75 g glucose solution, followed by blood collections at 0,2,4,6,8,10,30,60,90,120 minutes post glucose ingestion. A total of 16 blood collections will be taken. | |
| Leucine Supplement | Experimental | Control Treatment with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: |
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| Isoleucine Supplement | Experimental | Isoleucine Combined with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: |
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| Leucine and Isoleucine Supplement | Experimental | Leucine and Isoleucine Combined with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leucine Supplement | Dietary Supplement | For this visit participants will ingest a powdered form of Leucine in the amount of 0.3g/kg of lean body mass weight with water (150 mL) with additional water if needed to ensure dose is fully consumed. The amino acid solution will be ingested 30 min prior to 75 g glucose solution |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in plasma glucose (0-150 minutes) | Blood collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma insulin (0-150 minutes) | Blood collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma GIP (0-150 minutes) | Blood Collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma GLP-1 (0-150 minutes) | Blood collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in plasma glucagon (0-150 minutes) | Blood collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma c-peptide (0-150 minutes) | Blood Collections |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Vic Ben-Ezra, PhD | Texas Woman's University Kinesiology Department | Study Chair |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22293293 | Background | Yoshizawa F. New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: notable functions of branched chain amino acids as biological regulators. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012;118(2):149-55. doi: 10.1254/jphs.11r05fm. Epub 2012 Jan 27. | |
| 16941278 | Result | Nuttall FQ, Schweim KJ, Gannon MC. Effect of orally administered phenylalanine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations. Horm Metab Res. 2006 Aug;38(8):518-23. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-949523. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006943 | Hyperglycemia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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|
| Isoleucine Supplement | Dietary Supplement | For this visit participants will ingest a powdered form of Isoleucine in the amount of 0.3g/kg of lean body mass weight with water (150 mL) with additional water if needed to ensure dose is fully consumed. The amino acid solution will be ingested 30 min prior to 75 g glucose solution. |
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| Leucine Supplement combined with Isoleucine Supplement | Dietary Supplement | For this visit participants will ingest a powdered form of Leucine and Isoleucine in the amount of 0.3g/kg of lean body mass weight (equal in total dosage to other treatments) with water (150 mL) with additional water if needed to ensure dose is fully consumed. The amino acid solution will be ingested 30 min prior to 75 g glucose solution. |
|
| baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma L-Leucine (0-150 minutes) | Blood Collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| Change in plasma L-Isoleucine (0-150 minutes) | Blood Collections | baseline (0), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes |
| 20882645 | Result | Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Amino acid ingestion and glucose metabolism--a review. IUBMB Life. 2010 Sep;62(9):660-8. doi: 10.1002/iub.375. |
| 19013300 | Result | Kalogeropoulou D, Lafave L, Schweim K, Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Leucine, when ingested with glucose, synergistically stimulates insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose. Metabolism. 2008 Dec;57(12):1747-52. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.001. |
| 17413098 | Result | Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM. Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):996-1004. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.996. |
| 19835582 | Result | Petersen BL, Ward LS, Bastian ED, Jenkins AL, Campbell J, Vuksan V. A whey protein supplement decreases post-prandial glycemia. Nutr J. 2009 Oct 16;8:47. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-8-47. |
| 14651987 | Result | Doi M, Yamaoka I, Fukunaga T, Nakayama M. Isoleucine, a potent plasma glucose-lowering amino acid, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Dec 26;312(4):1111-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.039. |
| 15591158 | Result | Nishitani S, Takehana K, Fujitani S, Sonaka I. Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):G1292-300. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00510.2003. Epub 2004 Dec 9. |