The purpose of this study is to help women with PCOS to improve their symptoms and ovulation rate through a lifestyle intervention program which introduces a specific diet, a physical activity regimen and mindfulness exercises to improve psychological well-being and overall health.

1) Purpose

The purpose of this study is to:

1. assess if implementing lifestyle changes through instruction and coaching is as effective as standard ovulation-induction therapy,
2. evaluate if myo-inositol is an effective addition to both lifestyle intervention and standard fertility medications, and
3. evaluate how each of four main sub-types of PCOS will respond to our lifestyle intervention program.

2) Hypothesis:

The investigators hypothesize that implementing lifestyle changes in women with PCOS will help restore ovulation by balancing reproductive hormones and increasing sensitivity to insulin. Lifestyle changes will also help to manage common PCOS symptoms and therefore, increase psychological well-being and quality of life in this population of women. In addition to a low-glycemic diet, physical activity, and stress reduction, a diet supplemented with myo-inositol will create further hormonal homeostasis and improve metabolic functioning. Finally, the investigators believe that the distinct sub-types of PCOS will respond differently to the proposed lifestyle intervention program and therefore, this will demonstrate that diet, activity and stress reduction is an effective approach to fertility for some individuals, but not others.

3) Justification:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous condition characterized by chronic anovulation and increased androgens (either as clinical or biochemical manifestations) according to the original NIH criteria. Since then, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound assessment has been included as an additional feature in the Rotterdam criteria and a diagnosis is made if a woman has any two of these three features. Very little information is known about why PCOS can present differently among individuals and which lifestyle factors are the cause or the effect. Many women with PCOS have difficulty conceiving due to infrequent ovulation. Evidence suggest that diet, activity and stress levels influence ovulation and affect the response of the ovaries to fertility medications or pregnancy success to fertility treatments.

To this date, there have been no studies conducted incorporating diet, exercise, and stress reduction in a cohesive intervention program for women with PCOS trying to conceive. Recent studies have suggested that women with PCOS can significantly benefit from specific lifestyle changes such as eating a low glycemic diet, increasing activity level, and reducing stress however, these studies have had several limitations such as high-drop out rates, lack of PCOS phenotypes included, and small cohort sizes. Also, most studies have focused on only one major lifestyle change, such as diet, which is not as powerful as combining diet, exercise and stress reduction. Finally, mindfulness and meditation as a means to decrease stress has yet to be studied in a PCOS cohort. The relaxation response is a powerful tool that has been proven to be effective in stress-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and mental disorders. Since women with PCOS tend to have high levels of stress, inducing the relaxation response through mindfulness may be an effective treatment for this cohort.

4) Objectives

1. To determine if lifestyle changes are effective at restoring ovulation without the use of a commonly used fertility treatment.
2. To determine if myo-inositol improves the restoration of ovulation and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
3. To evaluate how each of four main sub-types of PCOS will respond to our lifestyle intervention program.

5) Research Method:

Women with PCOS will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: the GLC group, which will participate in our "Graceful Lifestyle Changes" program and an oral fertility medication group, which will be prescribed letrozole. Within each of these two groups, participants will be further divided randomly to consume either myo-inositol or a placebo.

The GLC group will meet with physicians and educators, in small groups of 8-10 participants, once a week for 12 weeks. Each week will consist of an educational portion which will coach women on how to consume a low-glycemic diet, the benefits of walking 10,000 steps a day, and how to induce the relaxation response to decrease stress. A wellness booklet designed and provided by clinicians at Grace Fertility Centre will outline the main ideas being taught. Participants in the GLC group will be required to record their daily food intake to maintain a daily target of 45% carbohydrates and 55 grams of glycemic load a daily, which is similar to previous low-glycemic diet intervention studies. Lists will be provided outlining foods that are either low, medium, or high in glycemic load. Participants will be advised to eat as many low glycemic foods as possible and to limit the high glycemic load foods. They will also be provided with a pedometer to measure the number of steps being walked each day. Lastly, these participants will practice relaxation response exercises for twenty minutes each day and will record which exercises they performed in their daily diary.

Participants will complete a 3-day diet diary report as well as a physical activity report based on their pedometer recordings during the baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. Participants will also receive a phone call from a trained researcher to complete a 24-hour diet recall at the end of the 2nd, 6th, and 10th weeks. This recall will assess all food consumed in the previous 24 hours. These combined methods will aim to:

• assess overall compliance to the low-glycemic diet
• provide information on the length of time participants take to comply
• evaluate any fluctuations in eating habits
• compare two types of nutritional assessment to each other

Compliance to the physical activity portion will be measured through daily pedometer recordings made by the participant. Compliance to the meditation and relaxation exercises will be measured by daily reports. Compliance will be ensured additionally through weekly check-ins/weigh-ins, weekly education sessions, and frequent email reminders with tips and motivators to stay on track.

The use of clomiphene citrate to treat anovulatory infertility is common. However, in agreement with what the investigators have observed in clinical practice, recent evidence has suggested that letrozole is more effective than clomiphene citrate in achieving ovulation. Additionally, letrozole may be more beneficial since it does not negatively affect the endometrial thickness. However, up to 40% of women may not ovulate with oral fertility treatments alone. Newer evidence suggests that diet, activity and stress levels influence ovulation and affect the response of the ovaries to fertility treatments.

Inclusion Criteria:

• all women with PCOS trying to conceive who are between 18 and 37 years of age (PCOS will be defined using the Rotterdam criteria)

Exclusion Criteria:

• women who have already began fertility treatment
• women who are taking myo-inositol or have taken it in the past three months
• women being treated for or who have a history of an eating disorder