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This study evaluates the effect of cashew nut consumption on traditional and emerging markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and determines the usable energy content of a serving of cashew nuts for accurate food labelling.
The cardioprotective effects of nuts have been well documented in the scientific literature; however, most of the research has been done with almonds, walnuts, and pistachios, while studies with cashew nuts are lacking. In addition to the cardiovascular literature, our recent studies measuring the metabolizable energy of nuts have demonstrated that the measured energy value of almonds, pistachios, and walnuts is lower than that predicted using the Atwater factors. However, the measured energy value of cashew nuts is unknown. There are two distinct aims of this study - determining the effects of cashew nut consumption on risk factors of CVD, and determining the energy value of cashew nuts in the human diet. The cardiovascular effects of cashew nuts will be determined by measuring both traditional and emerging risk factors. The metabolizable energy value of cashew nuts will be calculated based on the chemical composition and energy content of the consumed diet and excreta. This will provide a better estimate of the energy value than simply calculating energy value based on Atwater factors.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Other | Participants will receive a controlled diet (base diet), typical of an American diet, with 0 g/day of cashew nuts (control). |
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| Cashew | Active Comparator | Participants will receive a controlled diet, typical of an American diet, with 42 g/day of cashew nuts (base diet with cashew nuts). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Diet | Other | Participants will receive a controlled diet with 0 g/d of cashew nuts. Meals will be prepared using traditional American foods with a macronutrient composition representative of a typical American diet. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in lipid/lipoprotein profile will be measured in blood | The following will be measured in the blood on 2 consecutive days at the beginning and end of each 4-week diet period: lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein particle number/size, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). | Week 0, end of diet period 1 (week 4), beginning of diet period 2 (week 6), end of diet period 2 (week 10) |
| Metabolizable energy will be measured based on energy content of the consumed diet and excreta | The measured metabolizable energy value of cashew nuts will be calculated based on the energy content of the consumed diet and excreta. | Second week of diet period 1 (week 2) |
| Metabolizable energy will be measured based on energy content of the consumed diet and excreta | The measured metabolizable energy value of cashew nuts will be calculated based on the energy content of the consumed diet and excreta. | Second week of diet period 2 (week 8) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pulse Wave will be measured using Sphygmocor EXCEL | Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity will be conducted. | Week 0, end of diet period 1 (week 4), beginning of diet period 2 (week 6), end of diet period 2 (week 10) |
| Markers of vascular health will be measured in blood |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center | Beltsville | Maryland | 20705 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30753323 | Derived | Baer DJ, Novotny JA. Consumption of cashew nuts does not influence blood lipids or other markers of cardiovascular disease in humans: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb 1;109(2):269-275. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy242. |
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| Base Diet with Cashew Nuts | Other | Participants will receive a controlled diet with 42 g/d of cashew nuts. Meals will be prepared using traditional American foods with a macronutrient composition representative of a typical American diet. |
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Adhesion molecules and endothelin-1 will be measured in the blood. |
| Week 0, end of diet period 1 (week 4), beginning of diet period 2 (week 6), end of diet period 2 (week 10) |
| Digestibility (%) will be calculated as (intake - excreted)/intake | Fat, protein, and fiber digestibility will be calculated (%) and the effect of cashew nuts on nutrient digestibility (%) will be assessed. | Second week of diet period 1 (week 2), second week of diet period 2 (week 8) |
| Change in systemic inflammation will be measured in blood | Markers of systemic inflammation will be measured, such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, serum amyloid A, and CRP. | Week 0, end of diet period 1 (week 4), beginning of diet period 2 (week 6), end of diet period 2 (week 10) |
| Change in hemostasis will be measured in blood | Fibrinogen and factor VII will be measured in the blood. | Week 0, end of diet period 1 (week 4), beginning of diet period 2 (week 6), end of diet period 2 (week 10) |