Background of the study:

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have become mainstay treatment for acute coronary artery disease and the number of patients receiving PCI is vastly growing. However, relatively little long-term follow-up studies of large real-world clinical samples exist that have looked at the real-world effects of PCI treatment and adherence to current guidelines.

Psychological risk factors are important in determining prognosis after PCI, and undergoing PCI may increase the risk of low mood. To date, studies have examined single psychological risk factors, without taking into account their relatedness. Moreover, guidelines are advocating psychosocial screening in early cardiovascular disease, but the screening test as proposed in the prevention guideline has not yet been validated or tested. Although the detrimental effects of psychological risk factors on cardiovascular prognosis are known, the mechanisms through which they exert these effects are yet unclear. It is to be expected that not one but multiple biological (inflammation, endothelial dysfunction) and behavioural (coping styles, poor self-care, consultation behaviour) pathophysiological processes play a role, and that these processes interact with each other. In PCI patients the mechanisms linking psychological risk to poor prognosis are still to be investigated.

Objective of the study:

1. To examine the adherence to the prevention and PCI guidelines and the effects thereof on long term prognosis in PCI patients.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of the psychosocial screening instrument of the European Society of Cardiology Prevention guideline 2012.
3. To examine effects of clustering psychological risk factors on several networks of potentially mediating mechanisms and long term outcomes in a large sample of PCI patients.

Rationale: Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have become mainstay treatment for acute coronary artery disease and the number of patients receiving PCI is vastly growing. Clinical trials have reported on the efficacy and effects on quality of life and mortality. Guidelines have been constructed for PCI treatment as well as cardiovascular prevention. However, relatively little long-term follow-up studies of large real-world clinical samples exist that have looked at the real-world effects of PCI treatment and adherence to current guidelines.

Moreover, psychological risk factors are important in determining prognosis after PCI, and undergoing PCI may increase the risk of low mood. To date, studies have examined single psychological risk factors, without taking into account their relatedness. Moreover, guidelines are advocating psychosocial screening in early cardiovascular disease, but the screening test as proposed in the ESC Prevention guideline has not yet been validated or tested.

Although the detrimental effects of psychological risk factors on cardiovascular prognosis are known, the mechanisms through which they exert these effects are yet unclear. It is to be expected that not one but multiple biological (inflammation, endothelial dysfunction) and behavioural (coping styles, poor self-care, consultation behaviour) pathological processes play a role, and that these processes interact with each other. In PCI patients, the mechanisms linking psychological risk to poor prognosis are still to be investigated. Objective: (1) To examine the adherence to the prevention and PCI guidelines and the effects thereof on long term prognosis in PCI patients. (2) To examine effects of clustering psychological risk factors on several networks of potentially mediating mechanisms and long term outcomes in a large sample of PCI patients. (3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the psychosocial screening instrument of the European Society of Cardiology Prevention guideline 2012. Study design: Prospective observational cohort study. Study population: All patients aged >18 admitted to the TweeSteden hospital for percutaneous coronary intervention are eligible. Main study parameters/endpoints: Predictors: Psychological (risk) factors (depression, anxiety, Type D personality, mindfulness, positive mood), Adherence; Outcome variables: PCI complications, hospitalizations, events. Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: The risk associated with the current study is very low. For this mechanistic observational study, investigators will ask patients to fill out two extensive (20 pages) and then several smaller (12-15 pages) psychological surveys including among others questions on personality, positive and negative mood, mindfulness, work stress, and satisfaction with life. Preferably, questionnaires will be administered digitally by email link. There are no direct benefits of participation, other than providing data to create knowledge to improve future treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• PCI
• Sufficient understanding of Dutch language

Exclusion Criteria:

• life threatening comorbidity (e.g., metastasized cancer)
• cognitive disorder

All patients scheduled for either elective or (sub-)acute PCI for ≥1 coronary occlusions