Participants' mothers will receive a livelihood intervention package consisting of a orientation and training and a loan package of chickens and associated implements to create poultry microenterprises

Participants' mothers will receive no intervention but will be placed on a waitlist to receive the intervention after a 12-month delay.

Participants' mothers will receive a livelihood intervention package consisting of a orientation and training and a loan package of chickens and associated implements to create poultry microenterprises.

Height-for-age calculated based on child height and child age, measured for children under 5 years of age

Weight-for-height calculated based on child height and child weight, measured for children under 5 years of age

Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices test score (range, 0-18), measured for children aged 5-8 years

Mullen Early Learning Scales: 144 items total, divided across 4 subtests in visual receptive organization, visual expressive organization, language expressive organization, and language receptive organization

Home Observation of the Measurement of Environment, modified for the Ugandan context (58 items distributed across the following domains: Responsivity, Encouragement of maturity, Emotional climate, Learning materials and opportunities, Enrichment, Family companionship, Family integration and Physical environment)

Average time spent on school and schoolwork in the past 7 days (number of hours)

Average time spent on household chores and playing in the past 7 days (number of hours)