Women assigned to "Concurrent oxytocin with membrane sweeping" had their cervix swept by inserting the examining finger as high as possible past the internal cervical os, followed by oxytocin infusion the next day

Women assigned to "Concurrent oxytocin with dinoprostone vaginal insert": The 10mg dinoprostone vaginal insert were placed in the posterior fornix for cervical ripening, followed by oxytocin infusion the next day

Vaginal delivery within 24 hours is defined as vaginal delivery after 24 hours of initiating intervention (i.e. membrane sweeping or dinoprostone) on the first day of induction.

to achieve the active phase of labor corresponding to a cervical dilatation of >=4cm