A Phase 1, First-in-Human, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Single Ascending and Multiple Oral Doses of MB-110 in Healthy Volunteers and to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of MB-110 in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Subjects

The present study is divided into 2 parts. Part A is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, sequential ascending single and multiple oral doses design to evaluate the safety, tolerability, PK, and food effect of MB-110 in healthy volunteers.Part A will recruit 2 groups (Groups 1 and 2) of 8 healthy volunteers in each group. Within each group, 8 subjects will be randomized 6:2 to receive MB-110 versus placebo.Subjects in Group 1 will receive either 50 mg of MB-110 or placebo under fasted conditions during the first visit (Cohort 1); and either 50 mg of MB-110 or placebo under fed conditions during the second visit (Cohort 3) where food effect will be evaluated. Subjects in Group 2 will receive either 100 mg of MB-110 or placebo under fasted condition during the first visit (Cohort 2); or 200 mg of MB-110 or placebo under fasted condition during the second visit (Cohort 4). In Cohort 5, 8 subjects will be selected from Group 1, Group 2, or new recruitment if the washout time is insufficient from the previous cohort. Subjects in Cohort 5 will be randomized 6:2 to receive MB-110 at dose of 200 mg or placebo once daily for 5 consecutive days.

Part B is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending oral dose design to evaluate the safety, tolerability, PK, and antiviral activity of MB-110 in subjects infected with Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b, 2a, and 3a.Part B will recruit 3 cohorts (Cohorts 6, 7, and 8) of treatment-naïve HCV infected subjects in each cohort. In Cohort 6, 12 subjects infected with Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b will be randomized 5:5:2 to receive two dose levels of MB-110 or placebo once daily for 3 consecutive days. In Cohort 7, 6 subjects infected with Hepatitis C virus genotype 2a will be randomized 5:1 to receive MB-110 or placebo once daily for 3 consecutive days. In Cohort 8, 6 subjects infected with Hepatitis C virus genotype 3a will be randomized 5:1 to receive MB-110 or placebo once daily for 3 consecutive days.

Inclusion Criteria for Part A:

To be eligible to participate in this study, subjects must meet all of the following criteria at screening:

1. Male or female between 20 to 55 years of age inclusive

2. For females, not breast-feeding, not pregnant, post-menopausal for at least 2 years, surgically sterile, or willing to use a double barrier method [intrauterine device (IUD) plus condom, spermicidal gel plus condom] of contraception, or other effective contraceptive methods from screening until 30 days after the last dose of study drug

3. For males, willing to use a reliable form of contraception (use of a male condom with spermicide or a partner fulfilling the above criteria), or abstinence from screening until 30 days after the last dose of study drug

4. Body weight ≥ 50 kg inclusive and body mass index (BMI) in the range of 19.0 to 30.0 kg/m2, extremes included

5. Good physical and mental health conditions on the basis of medical history and vital signs performed at screening

6. Healthy on the basis of clinical laboratory tests performed at screening. If the results are outside the normal reference ranges, the subject may be included only if the investigator judges the abnormalities or deviations from normal not to be clinically significant. This determination must be recorded in the subject's source document and initialed by the investigator. This is not applicable to the laboratory abnormalities listed in the exclusion criteria [using the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DMID) Adult Toxicity criteria-see Section 13.3].

7. Non-smoking for at least 3 months prior to screening, to be confirmed by a urine cotinine dipstick test

8. 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) consistent with normal cardiac conduction and function:

   • Heart rate (HR) between 50 and 100 bpm
   • QTcF interval ≤ 430 ms (male) or ≤ 450 ms (female)
   • QRS interval lower than 120 ms
   • PR interval ≤ 200 ms
   • Willing to abstain from caffeine- or xanthine-containing beverages and food, including coffee and tea, alcohol, grapefruit juice, and bitter oranges during the study period

10. Willing to sign an Informed Consent Form (ICF) indicating that he or she understands the purpose of and procedures required for the study and is willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria for Part A:

Subjects must be excluded if they meet any of the following criteria:

1. Breast-feeding or pregnant female

2. History of heart arrhythmias (any clinically relevant) or having baseline prolongation of QTcF interval > 430 ms (male) or > 450 ms (female), history of risk factors for Torsade de Pointes syndrome (hypokalemia, family history of long QT syndrome), or a HR (supine pulse as obtained from vital signs) < 50 bpm or > 100 bpm

3. History or suspicion of current use of alcohol, barbiturate, amphetamine, recreational or narcotic drug use, which in the investigator's opinion would compromise subject's safety and/or compliance with the study procedures

4. Hepatitis A, B, or C infection (confirmed by hepatitis A antibody IgM, hepatitis B surface antigen, or hepatitis C virus antibody, respectively) or HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection (confirmed by CLIA test) at study screening

5. Clinically relevant, currently active or underlying gastrointestinal, cardiovascular-, nervous system, psychiatric, metabolic, renal, hepatic, respiratory, inflammatory, or infectious disease

6. History of drug allergy such as, but not limited to, sulfonamides and penicillins, or drug allergy witnessed in previous trials with investigational drugs

7. Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the study or the well-being of the subject or prevent the subject from meeting or performing study requirements

8. Use of concomitant medication, including over-the-counter product, herbal medication and dietary supplement in a period of 14 days before the study

9. Donation of blood or plasma over 250 mL within 60 days preceding the study

10. Subjects with one or more of the following laboratory abnormalities at screening as defined by DMID Adult Toxicity Table:

    • Hemoglobin grade 1 or greater (≤ 10.5 gm/dL)
    • Platelet count grade 1 or greater (< 100,000/mm3)
    • Absolute neutrophil count grade 1 or greater (≤ 1500/mm3)
    • Aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN [upper limit range])
    • Total bilirubin grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN)
    • Lipase grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN)
    • Serum creatinine grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN)
    • Any other laboratory abnormality ≥ grade 1 [Note: Re-testing of abnormal lab values that may lead to exclusion will be allowed once (without prior Sponsor approval). Re-testing will take place during an unscheduled visit in the Screening phase (before admission/baseline)]

11. Prisoners or subjects compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of a psychiatric illness, or having any history of suicide attempt or depression

12. Acute illness within 2 weeks prior to dosing, unless approved by the Sponsor's Medical Monitor

Inclusion Criteria for Part B:

To be eligible to participate in this study, subjects must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Male or female between 20 to 65 years of age inclusive

2. For females, not breast-feeding, not pregnant, post-menopausal for at least 2 years, surgically sterile, or willing to use a double barrier method [intrauterine device (IUD) plus condom, spermicidal gel plus condom] of contraception, or other effective contraceptive methods from screening until 30 days after the last dose of study drug

3. For males, willing to use a reliable form of contraception (use of a male condom with spermicide or a partner fulfilling the above criteria), or abstinence from screening until 30 days after the last dose of study drug

4. Body weight ≥ 50 kg inclusive and body mass index (BMI) in the range of 19.0 to 30.0 kg/m2, extremes included

5. Willing to abstain from caffeine- or xanthine-containing beverages, including coffee and tea, alcohol, grapefruit juice, and bitter oranges during the study period

6. Willing to sign an Informed Consent Form (ICF) indicating that he or she understands the purpose of and procedures required for the study and is willing to participate in the study

7. Presence of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) as documented below:

   • Positive for anti-HCV antibody at least 6 months before screening; or
   • A liver biopsy or Elastoscan/Fibroscan/FibroSURE performed at screening with evidence of CHC, such as the presence of fibrosis and/or inflammation

8. Positive for anti-HCV antibody at screening

9. Absence (no medical history or physical findings) of ascites, bleeding esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, or other signs and symptoms of decompensated liver disease

10. Presence of an HCV RNA level ≥ 1x105 IU/mL at screening

11. Presence of genotype 1b, 2a, or 3a HCV-infection at screening

12. Treatment-naïve HCV-infected subjects who are eligible to receive interferon, ribavirin, and HCV protease inhibitors but have a viable HCV treatment plan established with HCV care provider

Exclusion Criteria for Part B:

Subjects must be excluded if they meet any of the following criteria:

1. Breast-feeding or pregnant female

2. History of heart arrhythmias (any clinically relevant) or having baseline prolongation of QTcF interval > 430 ms (male) or > 450 ms (female), history of risk factors for Torsade de Pointes syndrome (hypokalemia, family history of long QT syndrome), or a HR (supine pulse as obtained from vital signs) < 50 bpm or > 100 bpm

3. History or suspicion of current use of alcohol, barbiturate, amphetamine, recreational or narcotic drug use, which in the investigator's opinion would compromise subject's safety and/or compliance with the study procedures

4. Hepatitis A or B infection (confirmed by hepatitis A antibody IgM, or hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively) or HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection (confirmed by CLIA test) at study screening

5. Clinically relevant, currently active or underlying gastrointestinal, cardiovascular-, nervous system, psychiatric, metabolic (e.g., diabetes mellitus), renal, hepatic, respiratory, inflammatory, or infectious disease

6. History of drug allergy such as, but not limited to, sulfonamides and penicillins, or drug allergy witnessed in previous trials with investigational drugs

7. Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the study or the well-being of the subject or prevent the subject from meeting or performing study requirements

8. Use of prohibited medications or herbal remedies within 14 days prior to first dose of study drug administration

9. Donation of blood or plasma over 250 mL within 60 days preceding the study

10. Subjects with one or more of the following laboratory abnormalities at screening as defined by Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DMID) Adult Toxicity Table:

    • Hemoglobin grade 1 or greater (≤ 10.5 gm/dL)
    • Platelet count grade 1 or greater (< 100,000/mm3)
    • Absolute neutrophil count grade 1 or greater (≤ 1500/mm3)
    • AST or ALT > 5x ULN
    • Total bilirubin > 1.5x ULN
    • Prothrombin time INR >1.5x ULN
    • Lipase grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN)
    • Serum creatinine grade 1 or greater (> 1.1x ULN)
    • Any other laboratory abnormality ≥ grade 2 [Note: Re-testing of abnormal lab values that may lead to exclusion will be allowed once (without prior Sponsor approval). Re-testing will take place during an unscheduled visit in the Screening phase (before admission/baseline)]

11. Prisoners or subjects compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of a psychiatric illness, or having any history of suicide attempt or depression

12. Received any other investigational drug within 30 days prior to first dose of study drug administration

13. Co-infections with HIV-1, HIV-2 or other liver infection

14. History or evidence of cirrhosis or decompensated liver disease