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The ability to predict pain and then apply modified treatment protocols has been limited. Current practice is for physicians to select standard post-operative pain treatment protocols without patient consultation. This study hopes to determine if patient's involvement in analgesic drug/dosage selection can optimize pain relief while minimizing related side effects. This could result in a more patient-centered care model and individualized perioperative analgesic treatment protocols based on patient's preferences, needs and expectations.
This randomized, controlled study will include a simple, preoperative questionnaire to obtain baseline demographic and obstetric data; and complete questions (that have previously been shown to be predictive of postoperative pain) from which we will determine their expected and target postoperative pain scores. These questionnaires should take less than 3-4 minutes to complete.
The subject will then be randomized into "choice" and "no choice" groups. The randomization for choice vs. no choice will be at a 1:3 ratio i.e. 1 woman will get no choice and 3 will get a choice for their analgesic protocol. All women will receive the same medications for intraoperative anesthetic management -- only the postoperative pain medications will be altered.
The no choice group will receive the current standard analgesic protocol: medium dose intrathecal morphine, and around the clock acetaminophen po q6h and ibuprofen po q6h.
The group with the choice will be offered 3 different protocols:
1. low dose intrathecal morphine, and around the clock acetaminophen po q6h and ibuprofen po q6h. 2 medium dose intrathecal morphine, and around the clock acetaminophen po q6h and ibuprofen po q6h. 3. high dose intrathecal morphine, and around the clock acetaminophen po q6h and ibuprofen po q6h, as well as gabapentin po one time within 1 hr of delivery.
Women randomized to the "choice" group will select a protocol after being given a standard script explaining advantages and disadvantages of each protocol.
Drugs and doses utilized in the study are safe for postpartum women and within dose range routinely used at our and other institutions.
All breakthrough pain will be managed the same for all patients, and adequate analgesia will be available to treat post-operative pain.
Primary breakthrough rescue analgesic will be our standard oral opioid oxycodone managed using our current treatment algorithm. If pain 1-4 out of 10, 1 tablet (5 mg) will be offered, if pain >4 out of 10, 2 tablets (10 mg) will be offered PRN. Pain not responding to oral opioids will be offered IV morphine boluses or PCA as per standard treatment protocols. Additional analgesic options (e.g. TAP blocks) will also be available as per standard care.
Following standard Cesarean delivery, postoperative data will be collected (directly from patients and from the electronic medical record) by study investigators blinded to group assignment.
Outcome measures:
Telephone follow-up for pain score, opioid use, and functional recovery will be performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-Cesarean. The telephonic questions will last 3-4 minutes
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| No choice | Active Comparator | No choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h |
|
| Choice: low protocol | Experimental | Choice given low dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h |
|
| Choice: medium protocol | Experimental | Choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h |
|
| Choice: high protocol | Experimental | Choice given high dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h gabapentin po one time dose |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No choice given | Other | Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do not get a choice, they receive standard dose. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Opioid Consumption in the 0-48 Hour Study Periods. | Opioid consumption was measured in milligram morphine equivalents in the 0-24 and 24-48 hour study periods. | 0-24 and 24-48 hour postoperative periods |
| Pain Scores | Pain scores at rest and at movement post-cesarean delivery. Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no pain and 10=worst imaginable pain. | 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after delivery |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Count of Participants Who Need Opioid Use | Count of participants who need opioid use through 48 hours after delivery. | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Count of Participants With Presence of Pruritus |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Brendan Carvalho, MBBCh, MDCH | Stanford University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucille Packard Children's Hospital | Palo Alto | California | 94305 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23249931 | Background | Eisenach JC, Pan P, Smiley RM, Lavand'homme P, Landau R, Houle TT. Resolution of pain after childbirth. Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan;118(1):143-51. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318278ccfd. | |
| 18818022 | Background | Eisenach JC, Pan PH, Smiley R, Lavand'homme P, Landau R, Houle TT. Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression. Pain. 2008 Nov 15;140(1):87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.011. Epub 2008 Sep 24. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | No Choice | No choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h No choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do not get a choice, they receive standard dose. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
| FG001 | Choice: Low Protocol | Choice given low dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (low): Intrathecal morphine dose 50mcg |
| FG002 | Choice: Medium Protocol | Choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
| FG003 | Choice: High Protocol | Choice given high dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h gabapentin po one time dose Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Gabapentin: Gabapentin 600mg po one time within 1 hour of delivery Morphine (high): Intrathecal morphine 300mcg |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | No Choice | No choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h No choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do not get a choice, they receive standard dose. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Median |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Opioid Consumption in the 0-48 Hour Study Periods. | Opioid consumption was measured in milligram morphine equivalents in the 0-24 and 24-48 hour study periods. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | milligram morphine equivalents (MMEQ) | 0-24 and 24-48 hour postoperative periods |
|
Delivery to discharge (average 4 days)
Not provided
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | No Choice | No choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h No choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do not get a choice, they receive standard dose. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
Not provided
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain due to Bakri balloon and vag pack | Surgical and medical procedures | Non-systematic Assessment |
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Brendan Carvalho | Stanford University School of Medicine | 650-861-8607 | bcarvalho@stanford.edu |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 26, 2015 | Apr 23, 2018 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010146 | Pain |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007052 | Ibuprofen |
| D000082 | Acetaminophen |
| D000077206 | Gabapentin |
| D009020 | Morphine |
| D064235 | Matrilin Proteins |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010666 | Phenylpropionates |
| D000146 | Acids, Carbocyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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| Choice given | Other | Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. |
|
| Ibuprofen | Drug | Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h |
|
| Acetaminophen | Drug | Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h |
|
| Gabapentin | Drug | Gabapentin 600mg po one time within 1 hour of delivery |
|
| Morphine (low) | Drug | Intrathecal morphine dose 50mcg |
|
|
| Morphine (med) | Drug | Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
|
|
| Morphine (high) | Drug | Intrathecal morphine 300mcg |
|
|
Count of participants with pruritus through 48 hours after delivery.
| 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Pruritus Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no itching and 10=most itching. | 24 and 48 hours following delivery |
| Count of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment of Pruritus | Count of participants who need medical treatment of pruritus during first 48 hours after delivery. | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Counts of Participants With Presence of Nausea | Count of participants with nausea through 48 hours after delivery. | 0-48 hours after delivery |
| Nausea Score Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no nausea and 10=most nausea. | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Counts of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment for Nausea | Counts of participants who need medical treatment of nausea through 48 hours after delivery. | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Average Number of Vomiting Episodes After Delivery | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
| Time to Discharge | Minutes from delivery until discharge. | Delivery through discharge (average 4 days) |
| Patient Overall Satisfaction With Postoperative Analgesia | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0=completely unsatisfied and 100=completely satisfied. | 24 and 48 hours after delivery |
| 16698416 | Background | Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1618-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X. |
| 16960491 | Background | Lavand'homme P. Perioperative pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006 Oct;19(5):556-61. doi: 10.1097/01.aco.0000245284.53152.1f. |
| 30867278 | Derived | Carvalho B, Sutton CD, Kowalczyk JJ, Flood PD. Impact of patient choice for different postcesarean delivery analgesic protocols on opioid consumption: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 May;44(5):578-585. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2018-100206. Epub 2019 Mar 13. |
| BG001 |
| Choice: Low Protocol |
Choice given low dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (low): Intrathecal morphine dose 50mcg |
| BG002 | Choice: Medium Protocol | Choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
| BG003 | Choice: High Protocol | Choice given high dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h gabapentin po one time dose Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Gabapentin: Gabapentin 600mg po one time within 1 hour of delivery Morphine (high): Intrathecal morphine 300mcg |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | kg/m^2 |
|
| Gestational age (week) | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | week |
|
| Education | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Nulliparous | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Previous Cesarean Delivery | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Language | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Choice: Low Protocol |
Choice given low dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (low): Intrathecal morphine dose 50mcg |
| OG002 | Choice: Medium Protocol | Choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg |
| OG003 | Choice: High Protocol | Choice given high dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h gabapentin po one time dose Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Gabapentin: Gabapentin 600mg po one time within 1 hour of delivery Morphine (high): Intrathecal morphine 300mcg |
|
|
| Primary | Pain Scores | Pain scores at rest and at movement post-cesarean delivery. Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no pain and 10=worst imaginable pain. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Count of Participants Who Need Opioid Use | Count of participants who need opioid use through 48 hours after delivery. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Count of Participants With Presence of Pruritus | Count of participants with pruritus through 48 hours after delivery. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Pruritus Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no itching and 10=most itching. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 24 and 48 hours following delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Count of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment of Pruritus | Count of participants who need medical treatment of pruritus during first 48 hours after delivery. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Counts of Participants With Presence of Nausea | Count of participants with nausea through 48 hours after delivery. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 0-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Nausea Score Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no nausea and 10=most nausea. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Counts of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment for Nausea | Counts of participants who need medical treatment of nausea through 48 hours after delivery. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Average Number of Vomiting Episodes After Delivery | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | vomiting episodes | 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Time to Discharge | Minutes from delivery until discharge. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | minutes | Delivery through discharge (average 4 days) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Patient Overall Satisfaction With Postoperative Analgesia | Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0=completely unsatisfied and 100=completely satisfied. | Participants who completed the protocol are included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 24 and 48 hours after delivery |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 32 |
| 0 |
| 32 |
| 3 |
| 32 |
| EG001 | Choice: Low Protocol | Choice given low dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (low): Intrathecal morphine dose 50mcg | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 1 | 19 |
| EG002 | Choice: Medium Protocol | Choice given medium dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Morphine (med): Intrathecal morphine dose 150mcg | 0 | 72 | 0 | 72 | 6 | 72 |
| EG003 | Choice: High Protocol | Choice given high dose intrathecal morphine acetaminophen po q6h ibuprofen po q6h gabapentin po one time dose Choice given: Patients are randomized to getting a choice or not getting a choice. If they do get a choice, they will receive the protocol they select. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen 650mg po q6h Gabapentin: Gabapentin 600mg po one time within 1 hour of delivery Morphine (high): Intrathecal morphine 300mcg | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 3 | 15 |
| received methergine for Postpartum hemorrhage | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Itching rash on abdomen | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Migrain | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Severe pre E diagnosed postpartum | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| misoprostol used at delivery | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Vomit | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| preeclampsia | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Surrogate | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Urinary Tract Infections | Infections and infestations | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Used On Q pump | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Extended stay | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
Not provided
Not provided
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| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D000083 |
| Acetanilides |
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D005680 | gamma-Aminobutyric Acid |
| D000613 | Aminobutyrates |
| D002087 | Butyrates |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D003509 | Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids |
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D000596 | Amino Acids |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D009022 | Morphine Derivatives |
| D009019 | Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D006572 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| D016326 | Extracellular Matrix Proteins |
| D012596 | Scleroproteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| Pain at movement at 3 hours |
|
| Pain at rest at 6 hours |
|
| Pain at movement at 6 hours |
|
| Pain at rest at 12 hours |
|
| Pain at movement at 12 hours |
|
| Pain at rest at 24 hours |
|
| Pain at movement at 24 hours |
|
| Pain at rest tat 36 hours |
|
| Pain at movement at 36 hours |
|
| Pain at rest at 48 hours |
|
| Pain at movement at 48 hours |
|
Comparison of pain at movement 24 hours after delivery. Null Hypothesis: all the means are the same. |
| ANOVA |
| 0.565 |
Final parameter estimates would be considered significant at P < 0.05. |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of pain at rest 48 hours after delivery. Null Hypothesis: all the means are the same. | ANOVA | 0.022 | Final parameter estimates would be considered significant at P < 0.05. | Superiority |
| Comparison of pain at movement 48 hours after delivery. Null Hypothesis: all the means are the same. | ANOVA | 0.140 | Final parameter estimates would be considered significant at P < 0.05. | Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
Comparison of opioid use 24-48 hours after delivery.
| Fisher Exact |
| 0.008 |
Final parameter estimates would be considered significant at P < 0.05. |
| Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
| Fisher Exact |
| 0.269 |
| Superiority |
| 48 hours after delivery |
|
| ANOVA |
| 0.296 |
| Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
| Fisher Exact |
| 0.761 |
| Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
| ANOVA |
| 0.985 |
| Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
| Fisher Exact |
| 0.246 |
| Superiority |
| 24-48 hours after delivery |
|
| 48 hours after delivery |
|
| ANOVA |
| 0.873 |
| Superiority |