This study will compare the effects of brief strengths-based case management (SBCM) to the effects of screening, assessment and referral alone (SAR) in opioid-dependent patients. Participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence will be randomly assigned (150 per group) to receive 1) up to 6 sessions of SBCM; or 2) SAR. Follow-up assessments will be completed at 3 and 6 months, by staff who are blinded to treatment condition.

As addiction treatment becomes increasingly integrated into the medical care system, two models have rightly received a great deal of attention. The first is the use of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) models to identify cases, provide therapeutic contact, and refer the more severe cases to longer-term care. The second is the treatment of addictions using medical models of treatment, including those that can be implemented in primary care settings. Much less attention has been paid to optimizing strategies for bridging the gap between SBIRT and more intensive/longer-term treatment for those on the severe end of the spectrum. This factor is of critical importance for opioid dependent patients, whose needs are not met by brief interventions or brief treatment. Emergency room interventions for substance use disorders have been largely limited to brief interventions/SBIRT models, and these have focused primarily on alcohol. Although there is a substantial literature documenting the value of case management in linking drug users to treatment, this approach has not been applied to drug users in the emergency department (ED) setting.

In a sample of opioid dependent patients seen in a medical ED who are not currently engaged in treatment, this study will compare the effects of brief strengths-based case management (SBCM) to the effects of screening, assessment and referral alone. Participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence will be randomly assigned (150 per group) to receive 1) Screening, Assessment and Referral or 2) up to 6 sessions of SBCM based on the model previously implemented by Rapp and colleagues in prior studies. Staff who are blinded to treatment condition will complete follow-up assessments at 3 and 6 months. Aims of the study are to identify the main effects of SBCM on substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement, use of opioids and other drugs, and broader measures of health and life functioning; to examine the interactions between treatment assignment and selected participant attributes in predicting treatment initiation, engagement, and substance use outcomes; and to examine effects of treatment involvement on substance use outcomes in the two treatment groups.

The proposed study will be the first trial using a case management approach to link drug dependent patients presenting in EDs to longer-term addiction treatment. It will be one of the first trials focusing specifically on opioid dependent patients in medical EDs. A further innovative feature is that the case management approach will emphasize linkage to pharmacotherapy, facilitating linkage to office-based buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone for patients who desire this treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Registration as patient in the ED during study screening hours;
2. Endorsement of three or more opioid dependence criteria on the DSM-IV checklist
3. Age 18 years or older;
4. Adequate English proficiency;
5. Ability to provide informed consent;
6. Self-report use of opioids in the last 30 days

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Inability to participate due to emergency treatment;
2. Significant impairment of cognition or judgment rendering the person incapable of informed consent. (e.g., traumatic brain injury, delirium, intoxication);
3. Status as a prisoner or in police custody at the time of treatment;
4. Current engagement in substance use disorder treatment;
5. Residence more than 50 miles from the location of follow-up visits;
6. Inability to provide sufficient contact information (must provide at least 2 reliable locators);
7. Unavailable for follow-up (e.g., planning to relocate within 6 months)
8. Prior participation in the current study.
9. Current participation in a research study related to substance use.

2 SBCM participants excluded from analysis (1 determined ineligible; 1 pilot SBCM participant); 1 SAR participant excluded from analysis (withdrawn)

Consent through final 6-month follow-up

Events not meeting the study definition of AE:

• Mild unrelated event
• Moderate unrelated event
• Substance use events (e.g., worsening drug use, need for higher level of care, withdrawal symptoms, craving, related medical events)

Events not meeting the study definition of SAE:

• Admission for drug detox/treatment
• Admission for preplanned surgeries
• Admission for scheduled labor/delivery
• Admission for a medical event, unless severe, life threatening, or resulting in death