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Cyanotic congenital cardiac patients require higher hemoglobin concentrations (red blood cell levels) for optimal oxygen delivery to the body. Prophylactic erythropoietin (EPO) and iron can prevent and/or decrease the amount of blood transfusions needed in this population. We seek to investigate if EPO and iron make a clinically significant difference in the number of transfusions given to these patients and the morbidity associated with it.
Congenital heart disease occurs in about 1% of all live births. Cyanotic cardiac lesions in particular are at risk for significant mortality and morbidity because of their reduced ability to provide adequate oxygenation to the body and the brain. Many experts believe that to have adequate oxygen carrying capacity that these infants should ideally have a hemoglobin level greater than 13 g/dL. Many of these patients require blood transfusions prior to surgery to provide adequate oxygenation. The cause for this is likely multifactorial including normal neonatal physiology, frequent lab draws, and co-morbidities. Although rare, the morbidity due to transfusions can be devastating to this population including transmitted infections, transfusion reactions, extra hospitalizations, and antigen sensitization that would complicate heart transplant if needed.
There are centers in the United States that have developed protocols using erythropoietin to minimize blood product transfusions before and after surgery, also referred to as "bloodless surgery". There have been retrospective studies evaluating the success of these protocols, but there are no randomized controlled prospective studies that the investigators have studying the effects of erythropoietin effects in patients with cyanotic heart disease in regards to transfusion prevention.
Congenital cyanotic cardiac patients require higher hemoglobin concentrations for optimal oxygen delivery. Prophylactic erythropoietin can prevent and/or decrease the amount of blood transfusions needed prior to surgery. The researchers seek to investigate if erythropoietin makes a clinically significant difference in the number of transfusions given to these patients and the morbidity associated with it.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Placebo Comparator | Group II (non-treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
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| Epoetin alfa and iron supplements | Experimental | Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epoetin Alfa and Iron | Drug | Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Transfusions Needed | Prophylactic erythropoietin can prevent and/or decrease the amount of blood transfusions needed prior to surgery. We seek to investigate if erythropoietin makes a clinically significant difference in the number of transfusions given to these patients and the morbidity associated with it during the period in which the subjects will be active in the study (from baseline to 14 weeks post initial injection). The primary aim will be assessed when all subjects have completed week 14 or discontinue early. | First 4 months of life |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen Saturation | Often, cyanotic congenital heart defect neonates have prolonged initial hospital stays due to the inability to maintain acceptable oxygen saturations, and transition to adequate oral intake for appropriate weight gain. If the hospital stay is found to be shortened after starting erythropoietin, this may be of clinical and financial significance. | First 4 months of life |
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Infants diagnosed at greater than 4 weeks of age
Gestation <34 weeks
Birth weight <2.2 kg or >4kg
Hematocrit >40%
Newborns with acyanotic heart disease
Infants with significant co-morbidities:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David K Werho, MD | University of California, San Diego/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rady Children's Hospital | San Diego | California | 92123 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15934899 | Background | Donato H. Erythropoietin: an update on the therapeutic use in newborn infants and children. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 May;6(5):723-34. doi: 10.1517/14656566.6.5.723. | |
| 12045535 | Background | Fearon JA, Weinthal J. The use of recombinant erythropoietin in the reduction of blood transfusion rates in craniosynostosis repair in infants and children. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Jun;109(7):2190-6. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200206000-00002. |
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4 Patients who had been screened/consented for the study did not reach the minimum hematocrit threshold for enrollment and were therefore screen failures.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Control | Group II (non-treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. Iron: Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 28, 2018 |
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| Iron | Drug | Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
|
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| Number of Hospitalizations | The number of hospital readmissions (related to failure to thrive or cyanosis) may imply the overall clinical stability of a patient. Because these infants are at high risk for mortality at home, there are multiple reasons why they may be admitted to the hospital including clinically significant anemia which requires blood transfusions, poor weight gain, difficulty feeding, inadequate oxygen saturations, and illnesses. Each admission is stressful to the patient and their families. Having a normal hemoglobin level may have a role in preventing several of these factors, especially regarding failure to thrive or cyanosis. | First 4 months of life |
| Weight Gain | The secondary outcome of weight gain is appropriate in the setting of infants as this variable has been used to monitor the ability to thrive and meet the body's metabolic demands. It is well established in pediatrics that the neonate and infant should gain 15-30 grams per day for optimal growth. Infants who are cyanotic already have a deficiency in meeting their metabolic demands due to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity. This is further complicated in the instance of anemia. Thus, infants may have an increased ability to optimize weight gain in the setting of normal, stable hemoglobin levels which may be achieved with erythropoietin. | First 4 months of life |
| Time to Initial Discharge | If the hospital stay is found to be shortened after starting erythropoietin, this may be of clinical and financial significance. | First 4 months of life |
| 12091844 | Background | Maier RF, Obladen M, Muller-Hansen I, Kattner E, Merz U, Arlettaz R, Groneck P, Hammer H, Kossel H, Verellen G, Stock GJ, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Claris O, Wagner M, Matis J, Gilberg F; European Multicenter Erythropoietin Beta Study Group. Early treatment with erythropoietin beta ameliorates anemia and reduces transfusion requirements in infants with birth weights below 1000 g. J Pediatr. 2002 Jul;141(1):8-15. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2002.124309. |
| 2477140 | Background | Richard S, Brion JP, Couck AM, Flament-Durand J. Accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Alzheimer's disease: new morphological evidence of axoplasmic flow disturbances. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1989 Jul;21(3):461-7. |
| FG001 | Epoetin Alfa and Iron Supplements | Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. Epoetin Alfa and Iron: Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Control | Group II (non-treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. Iron: Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
| BG001 | Epoetin Alfa and Iron Supplements | Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. Epoetin Alfa and Iron: Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
| |||||||||||||||
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Transfusions Needed | Prophylactic erythropoietin can prevent and/or decrease the amount of blood transfusions needed prior to surgery. We seek to investigate if erythropoietin makes a clinically significant difference in the number of transfusions given to these patients and the morbidity associated with it during the period in which the subjects will be active in the study (from baseline to 14 weeks post initial injection). The primary aim will be assessed when all subjects have completed week 14 or discontinue early. | The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to close the study due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. | Posted | First 4 months of life |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Oxygen Saturation | Often, cyanotic congenital heart defect neonates have prolonged initial hospital stays due to the inability to maintain acceptable oxygen saturations, and transition to adequate oral intake for appropriate weight gain. If the hospital stay is found to be shortened after starting erythropoietin, this may be of clinical and financial significance. | The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to close the study due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. | Posted | First 4 months of life |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Hospitalizations | The number of hospital readmissions (related to failure to thrive or cyanosis) may imply the overall clinical stability of a patient. Because these infants are at high risk for mortality at home, there are multiple reasons why they may be admitted to the hospital including clinically significant anemia which requires blood transfusions, poor weight gain, difficulty feeding, inadequate oxygen saturations, and illnesses. Each admission is stressful to the patient and their families. Having a normal hemoglobin level may have a role in preventing several of these factors, especially regarding failure to thrive or cyanosis. | The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to close the study due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. | Posted | First 4 months of life |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Weight Gain | The secondary outcome of weight gain is appropriate in the setting of infants as this variable has been used to monitor the ability to thrive and meet the body's metabolic demands. It is well established in pediatrics that the neonate and infant should gain 15-30 grams per day for optimal growth. Infants who are cyanotic already have a deficiency in meeting their metabolic demands due to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity. This is further complicated in the instance of anemia. Thus, infants may have an increased ability to optimize weight gain in the setting of normal, stable hemoglobin levels which may be achieved with erythropoietin. | The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to close the study due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. | Posted | First 4 months of life |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Time to Initial Discharge | If the hospital stay is found to be shortened after starting erythropoietin, this may be of clinical and financial significance. | The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to close the study due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. | Posted | First 4 months of life |
|
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Control | Group II (non-treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. Iron: Patients in the treatment group will not receive any extra intervention outside of standard of care. They will receive iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization). They will be followed for 14 weeks. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG001 | Epoetin Alfa and Iron Supplements | Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. Epoetin Alfa and Iron: Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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The principal investigator discussed the study's future with the sub-investigators on the study and came to the conclusion to terminate the study early due to low enrollment while also considering the financial costs to continue to run the study. It would be highly improbable to be able to enroll 54 more patients with the amount of funding left in the grant. No subjects were analyzed.
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. David Werho | UC San Diego | (858) 966-5855 | dwerho@rchsd.org |
| Nov 2, 2021 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Nov 29, 2018 | Nov 2, 2021 | ICF_001.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000740 | Anemia |
| D003490 | Cyanosis |
| D006330 | Heart Defects, Congenital |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006402 | Hematologic Diseases |
| D006425 | Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D018376 | Cardiovascular Abnormalities |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000068817 | Epoetin Alfa |
| D007501 | Iron |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004921 | Erythropoietin |
| D003115 | Colony-Stimulating Factors |
| D006023 | Glycoproteins |
| D006001 | Glycoconjugates |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D016298 | Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors |
| D016207 | Cytokines |
| D036341 | Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins |
| D010455 | Peptides |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |
| D019216 | Metals, Heavy |
| D004602 | Elements |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D028561 | Transition Elements |
| D008670 | Metals |
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| Between 18 and 65 years |
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| >=65 years |
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| Epoetin Alfa and Iron Supplements |
Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. Epoetin Alfa and Iron: Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
|
| Epoetin Alfa and Iron Supplements |
Group I (treatment group): Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. Epoetin Alfa and Iron: Patients in the treatment group will receive weekly EPO injections and iron supplementation for 6 weeks starting before 8 weeks of age, 1 week after their first procedure (surgery or heart catheterization) They will be followed for 14 weeks. |
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