This project seeks to identify neural changes that occur in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) after engagement in computerized cognitive training. In addition, this project aims to identify physiological factors that may bolster effects of the training on cognitive function. Individuals with MCI are at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding how cognitive training protects cognitive function in MCI can contribute to development of effective interventions to slow progression to AD in individuals at risk, thereby reducing the significant morbidity and health care costs associated with AD.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), especially amnestic type, is considered a symptomatic pre-Alzheimer's disease (AD) phase, and is prevalent in the aging population. Vision-based speed of processing (VSOP) cognitive training is one of the most widely applied behavioral interventions in community-dwelling older Americans free of AD, holding potential to slow cognitive decline. Its particular relevance to MCI is supported by converging evidence from our preliminary studies, including a recently completed pilot intervention study. However, we know little about the mechanisms underlying the benefits of VSOP training, limiting our ability to further exploit VSOP or other forms of cognitive training. In particular, we do not know if and how the effects of VSOP training on cognitive performance are mediated by neuroplasticity-related brain changes. Since recent evidence suggests that neuroplasticity is inducible throughout adult life, even in MCI, it is possible that VSOP training promotes neuroplasticity and slows neurodegeneration. In this early stage and new investigator application, we will focus on assessing whether and how VSOP training, relative to mental leisure activities (MLA), alters cognitive and neural functions in older adults with MCI, up to 6 months after training. The study will enroll and randomize 84 participants with amnestic MCI to VSOP training or MLA control groups. Three specific research aims are to (1) determine whether VSOP training improves processing speed and attention that are associated with changes of brain structural and functional connectivity; (2) test a novel neurophysiological pathway of VSOP training effect on brain structure and function; (3) examine the effect of VSOP training on untrained cognitive and functional domains and the role of neurophysiological changes underlying possible transfer effects. By examining multiple neural and novel physiological mechanisms linking a promising VSOP training intervention to improvements in cognitive performance, this application seeks to challenge and shift current research on cognitive training that merely examines training effects on cognitive outcomes. Discovery of neural, and physiological-related mechanisms in VSOP training will have important implications beyond this particular intervention. Findings from recent behavioral studies (e.g., cognitive intervention, physical exercise, nutrition, and bio-feedback intervention) suggest that for cognitive decline to be mitigated in individuals at risk for AD, it will be necessary for interventions to target the neural and peripheral physiological pathways that are susceptible to AD neuropathology. Confirmation of the study hypotheses could support immediate translation to clinical practices by demonstrating the efficacy, sustainability, and generalizability of cognitive training.

Inclusion Criteria:

• a clinical diagnosis of "mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease" using the most recent NIA and Alzheimer's Association workshop criteria within 3 months: a) must have memory deficit (1-1.5SD below age- and education-corrected population norms); b) may have deficits in other cognitive domains (e.g., executive function); c) preserved BADL, defined as requiring occasional assistance on less than two items on the Minimum Data Set-Home Care interview, d) absence of dementia using NINCDS-ADRDA criteria;
• if on AD medication (i.e., memantine or cholinesterase inhibitors), no changes of doses in the 3 months prior to recruitment;
• capacity to give consent based on clinician assessment; and
• other: age ≥60 years, English-speaking, adequate visual acuity for testing, and community-dwelling.

Exclusion Criteria:

• current enrollment in another cognitive improvement study;
• major depression: 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale scored > 7;
• MRI contraindications, e.g., metallic implant, pacemaker, claustrophobia; and
• major vascular diseases: stroke, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure.