Failure to recruit

This is a randomized non-blinded comparison of dorsal vs. ventral approach for buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty in the bulbar urethra. Buccal mucosa graft is a common method of repairing the strictured urethra. Current evidence suggests the two approaches for placement of the graft are equally successful at correcting the stricture and the two approaches have similar risks of complications. The investigators propose to randomly assign appropriately selected patients to either a dorsally- or ventrally-placed graft. No additional procedures beyond the normal care protocol will be required of the patients. Success will be assessed via objective and subjective methods; complications will be tallied in a standardized fashion. Outcomes will be measured at two years.

Urethral strictures affect 1% of men and are rare in women. Most urethral strictures in the United States develop in the bulbar section of the urethra which is the section of the urethra proximal to the penis but distal to the prostate. A common method of surgical correction is to longitudinally open the strictured urethra and augment its width by the addition of a graft of buccal mucosa taken from the oral cavity. The urethrotomy for placement of the graft can be made along the superficial (ventral) or deep (dorsal) side of the urethra. The graft bed dorsally is the tunica albuginea of the corporal bodies (the capsule around the erectile bodies of the penis) whereas ventrally it is the corpus spongiosum of the urethra (the vascular layer that surrounds the urethra).

Ventral buccal graft onlay first described by Morey and McAninch in 1996, involves a midline perineal incision and retraction of the bulbo-spongiosum muscle downward to expose the ventral urethral surface. The corpus spongiosum is incised longitudinally to expose the urethral lumen and the incision is extended proximal and distal to the established stricture. The buccal mucosa graft is harvested and trimmed to the length and width of the urethrotomy and the graft is sutured at the proximal and distal apices and a running suture at the lateral margins to establish a tight anastomosis. Ventral placement allows for limited urethral mobilization and easy access but there is concern about higher likelihood of diverticulum formation and development of associated complications such as post-void dribbling and ejaculatory dysfunction. In addition, many surgeons have concern about graft contraction as spread-fixating the graft is not possible.

Dorsal buccal graft onlay, first described by Barbagli in 1996, also involves a midline perineal incision. The bulbo-cavernosum and corpora cavernosum are dissected from the bulbar urethra allowing for complete mobilization of the urethra. The urethra is rotated 180 degrees to allow for dorsal access and an incision is made on the dorsal urethra proximal and distal to the stricture location. The buccal graft is harvested and trimmed to the appropriate size of the urethrotomy and spread on the overlying tunica albuginea of the corporal bodies. The right mucosal margin of the urethra is sutured to the right margin of the buccal graft and the corporal bodies. The urethra is rotated back to allow for suturing of the left mucosal margin to the left margin of the buccal graft and corporal bodies, essentially covering the entire urethral plate. Dorsal placement potentially allows for a more stable vascular bed for graft sustainability and less spongiosal bleeding, but requires a greater urethral mobilization and longer operative times. The technical challenge of graft placement in a dorsal location is much greater than placement ventrally. Potential problems with dorsal placement include damage to the male external urinary sphincter, which is dorsally located, and anastomotic leakage and perineal abscess in the immediate post-operative period.

There are multiple studies that attempt to compare the outcomes of ventral versus dorsal graft placement for bulbar urethroplasty, but these studies rely on case series and retrospective data. Andrich and Mundy reported better outcomes with dorsal buccal placement, but statistical significance was not formally established. Both Barbagli and Figler were unable to demonstrate superiority of either ventral or dorsal buccal graft placement. Currently there is no high level of definitive randomized evidence to suggest superiority of either ventral or dorsal buccal placement in terms of patient outcomes and complications. In fact, the best level of evidence is VI (small case series) and dorsal vs. ventral placement is largely dependent on individual clinical judgment and comfort level with each procedure.

One factor contributing to the inability to detect a difference between dorsal vs. ventral graft placement has been the liberal definition of success that leads to uniformly high success rates across studies (85-95%) and, hence, studies that are underpowered to detect a difference in success rates. In these studies, the definition of success has typically been "need for repeat surgery". Such a definition suffers from significant detection bias in that (1) subclinical stricture recurrences may go undetected if they are not screened for; and (2) surgeon or patient reluctance to undergo a repeat surgery may lead to false negatives. When patients are rigorously followed with endoscopic inspection of the area of surgery with cystoscopy, narrowing is often identified at a much higher rate than "need for repeat surgery". For instance, in a preliminary review of our retrospective data using surveillance cystoscopy, the investigators detected narrowing in 46% of ventral buccal patients and approximately 18% of dorsal buccal patients. This more strict definition of success and the lower success rates that follow may allow for detection of a clinically meaningful difference in the success rate with the two procedures in a reasonably-sized clinical trial.

The investigators plan a randomized comparison of dorsally-placed vs. ventrally-placed buccal mucosa graft in men undergoing buccal graft urethroplasty for bulbar urethra stricture. A collaborative multi-institutional study deriving data from the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons, a network of twelve reconstructive urology centers in the United States, would allow the investigators to achieve the required sample size within 2-3 years. The results of this study will ultimately advance research efforts in urethral stricture management and provide substantial evidence for utilization of ventral versus dorsal buccal placement for reconstructive urologists.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Strictures must predominantly include the proximal and/or mid bulbar urethra and be otherwise amenable to buccal graft onlay urethroplasty
• Strictures may extend from the mid-bulbar urethra up to the distal bulbar urethra within the scrotum, but not through the scrotum to the pendulous junction
• Subjects able to consent for themselves

Exclusion Criteria:

• prior open urethral surgery, such as prior urethroplasty, artificial urinary sphincter placement, male urethral sling placement, and rectourethral fistula
• radiation therapy to the pelvis
• previous hypospadias repair
• lichen sclerosis unable to consent for themselves