Neoadjuvant nivolumab will be administered to patients with primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme that require surgery. Nivolumab will be continued following surgery.

Neoadjuvant nivolumab will be administered to patients with primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme that require surgery. Nivolumab will be continued following surgery until toxicity or progression.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Written informed consent.

• Patients must be willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment schedule, laboratory testing and other requirements of the study.

• Patients with GBM that are candidates to primary or salvage resection surgery, according to the following criteria:

• Patients may have received previous treatments for GBM. There is no limit on previous treatment lines, as long as the other inclusion criteria are met.

• Patients in whom surgery can be safely delayed for a minimum period of 2 weeks following the administration of the first dose of nivolumab, in the opinion of the investigator.

• Eastern Cancer Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1. Patients with ECOG>1 due to neurological symptoms considered to be reversible following surgery, according to investigator´s criteria will be eligible

• Life expectancy >12 weeks.

• Adequate organ function defined by:

  1. Bone Marrow Reserve: white blood cells (WBC): ≥2000/ mm3 absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500x 109/L; platelet count ≥100000/ mm3 100 x 109/L; hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL).
  2. Hepatic: bilirubin <1.5 times the upper limit of normality (ULN), AST and ALT <3.0 × ULN (BR< 3 x ULN for patients with Gilbert´s Syndrome).
  3. Renal: creatinine < 1.5 x ULN or estimated creatinine clearance > 40 ml/min, using the Cockcroft-Gault formula.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of extracranial disease.
• Any serious or uncontrolled medical disorder that, in the opinion of the investigator, may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug administration, impair the ability of the subject to receive the planned therapy (including brain surgery), or interfere with the interpretation of study results.
• Subjects with active, known or suspected autoimmune disease. Subjects with vitiligo, type I diabetes mellitus, residual hypothyroidism due to autoimmune condition only requiring hormone replacement, psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to enroll.
• Previous treatment with a PD-1, PDL1 or CTLA-4 targeted therapy
• Treatment with any anti-cancer drug or radiation therapy within the last 14 days. A shorter interval can be approved by the principal investigator, if deemed appropriate.
• Patients should be excluded if they have a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (>10 mg daily prednisone equivalents), with the exception of control of cerebral edema, or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of study drug administration. Inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement doses > 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding patients.
• Known history of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Routine testing is not required.
• Positive tests for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBV sAg) or hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) indicating active or chronic infection.
• History of allergy to study drug components or of severe hypersensitivity reactions to any monoclonal antibodies.
• Prisoners or subjects who are involuntarily incarcerated or who are compulsorily detained for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (eg, infectious disease) illness.
• Subjects unable (due to existent medical condition, e.g, pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator device) or unwilling to have a head contrast enhanced MRI and/or a CT scan of the brain.
• Concomitant or prior malignancy that, in the opinion of the investigator contraindicates GBM surgery or can interfere with the results of the study, in the opinion of the investigator.
• Known drug or alcohol abuse.