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The purpose of this study is to examine relationships among lifestyle behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sleep), cognitive function (i.e., memory, processing speed, and executive function), and quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors across time. The investigators will compare the strength of these relationships across age cohorts and time since treatment and diagnosis. Participants will complete a battery of questionnaires and a set of cognitive tests on an iPad app specifically tailored for this study. A subset of participants will also wear an accelerometer for seven days. Data will be collected at baseline and 6-month follow-up.
This research is critical to identifying potentially important approaches to improving health outcomes and quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors. Previous research provides evidence of the influence of lifestyle behaviors on cognition and quality of life in healthy aging populations. However, despite data indicating cancer's negative impact on lifestyle behaviors, cognition, and quality of life, very few studies have investigated interactions among these factors in cancer patients and survivors.
Interested individuals will visit the ReFLECT Study website (www.reflectstudies.org) to learn more about the study and receive instructions on how to participate. Individuals will be instructed to create a username (email address) and password for BrainBaseline© (www.BrainBaseline.com; Digital Artefacts, Iowa City, IA). While BrainBaseline© is a commercially available mobile app, a version specifically tailored for this study will be used. The website directions will include information on how to download the BrainBaseline© iPad app (for ReFLECT) from the iTunes store. Each time a participant closes and reopens the iPad app, she will be required to enter her BrainBaseline© username and password. Upon opening the iPad app for the first time, the individual will be asked to confirm their eligibility for the study. If eligible, the individual will proceed to the consent form. Participants will electronically sign the Institutional Review Board-approved informed consent form before completing a battery of questionnaires assessing demographics, medical history, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, fatigue, quality of life, satisfaction with life, depressive symptoms, and perceived memory. Individuals cannot view the questionnaires until they have electronically signed the consent form. Participants will also be asked to complete a set of ten evidence-based cognitive tests assessing attention, speed of processing, and executive function. Descriptions of the tests are available at www.BrainBaseline.com/assessments. The questionnaires are expected to take approximately 45 minutes and the cognitive tests are expected to take approximately 60 minutes to complete. Participants will be instructed to complete the questionnaires and cognitive tests within two weeks of signing the consent form. The onscreen instructions and consent form will also notify participants that a) they do not have to complete either the questionnaires or the cognitive tests in one sitting, but can return to them during the course of the week, and b) they can move back and forth between the questionnaires and cognitive tests (i.e., do not need to finish one section before moving to the next). Reminder emails will be sent on days 7 and 10 to remind participants to complete assessments.
A subset of participants who volunteer to do so will also wear an accelerometer for 24 hours per day for 7 consecutive days to objectively measure activity levels and sleep quality. Individuals will be asked if they are willing to be contacted to wear the accelerometer via the consent form. Only those individuals who check the box agreeing to be contacted by the research team will be contacted to wear the accelerometer (see consent form). Participants will be contacted via email and instructed to reply to the researcher by phone or email with their mailing address. The accelerometer, instructions for wear, a Record of Use form, and a postage-paid return envelope will be mailed to participants who agree to wear the monitor. Mailing labels from postage-paid return envelopes will be disposed of after accelerometers have been returned and recorded. The accelerometer will be worn during women's daily life on a normal week; therefore, minimal additional time committed to research activities will be required of participants. No contact will be solicited with participants over the course of the 6-month study period.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Executive Function | Executive Function will be expressed as a composite score of the following cognitive tests: Flanker, Task-Switch, Trails A&B, Mazes | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Working Memory | Working Memory will be expressed as a composite score of the following cognitive tests: N-Back, Spatial Working Memory, Spatial Span, and Swap | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Speed of Processing | Speed of Processing will be expressed as a composite score of the following cognitive tests: Digital Symbols Substitution, Flanker, Speed, Task-Switch, and Trails A&B | Baseline, 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Medical Health History | Medical health history will be measured at baseline and 6-month follow-up to identify any changes to participants' health status during the study period. If no changes are observed, baseline values may be used as covariates or moderators in data analyses. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Sleep Quality (objectively measured) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Sleep Quality (self-report) | Change in sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Physical Activity (self-report) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Female breast cancer patients and survivors aged 21 years or older and who have access to an iPad and the Internet.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Edward McAuley, PhD | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Urbana | Illinois | 61801 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4053261 | Background | Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985 Sep;10(3):141-6. | |
| 19997030 | Background | Marshall AL, Miller YD, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Measuring total and domain-specific sitting: a study of reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Jun;42(6):1094-102. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c5ec18. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001943 | Breast Neoplasms |
| D060825 | Cognitive Dysfunction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D001941 | Breast Diseases |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
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Change in sleep quality as measured by a wrist-worn accelerometer will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. |
| Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Physical Activity (objectively measured) | Change in physical activity as measured by a waist-worn accelerometer will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. | Baseline, 6 months |
Change in physical activity as measured by the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. |
| Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Sitting Time | Change in sitting time as measured by the Sitting Time Questionnaire will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Sedentary Activity | Change in sedentary activity as measured by the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire will be examined as a predictor of change in executive function, working memory, and speed of processing. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Current Symptoms | Change in breast cancer related symptoms as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast will be examined as a potential confounder or moderator of the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Fatigue | Change in fatigue as measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy 13-Item Fatigue Scale will be examined as a potential confounder or moderator of the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Anxiety and Depression | Change in anxiety and depression as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale will be examined as potential confounders or moderators of the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Quality of Life | Relationships between change in physical activity and cognitive function and change in quality of life as measured by the Satisfaction with Life Scale will be examined. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Memory | Change in memory as measured by the Memory Controllability Inventory will be examined as an outcome of changes in sleep quality and physical activity. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Forgetfulness | Change in forgetfulness as measured by the Frequency of Forgetting Questionnaire will be examined as an outcome of changes in sleep quality and physical activity. | Baseline, 6 months |
| 23899190 | Background | Visser M, Koster A. Development of a questionnaire to assess sedentary time in older persons--a comparative study using accelerometry. BMC Geriatr. 2013 Jul 30;13:80. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-80. |
| 2748771 | Background | Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4. |
| 9060536 | Background | Brady MJ, Cella DF, Mo F, Bonomi AE, Tulsky DS, Lloyd SR, Deasy S, Cobleigh M, Shiomoto G. Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast quality-of-life instrument. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):974-86. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.3.974. |
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| 16367493 | Background | Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985 Feb;49(1):71-5. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13. |
| Background | Lachman ME, Bandura M, Weaver SL, Elliott E. Assessing memory control beliefs: The Memory Controllability Inventory. Aging Cogn 2(1):67-84, 1995. |
| 15370046 | Background | Zelinski EM, Gilewski MJ. A 10-item Rasch modeled memory self-efficacy scale. Aging Ment Health. 2004 Jul;8(4):293-306. doi: 10.1080/13607860410001709665. |
| Background | Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters upon identification of a target letter in a non-search task. Perception and Psychophysics. 16:143-149, 1974. |
| 9627416 | Background | Awh E, Jonides J, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Rehearsal in spatial working memory. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1998 Jun;24(3):780-90. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.24.3.780. |
| 13539317 | Background | KIRCHNER WK. Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. J Exp Psychol. 1958 Apr;55(4):352-8. doi: 10.1037/h0043688. No abstract available. |
| 21532951 | Background | Basner M, Dinges DF. Maximizing sensitivity of the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) to sleep loss. Sleep. 2011 May 1;34(5):581-91. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.5.581. |
| 12639695 | Background | Monsell S. Task switching. Trends Cogn Sci. 2003 Mar;7(3):134-140. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00028-7. |
| 32202706 | Derived | Ehlers DK, Fanning J, Sunderlage A, Severson J, Kramer AF, McAuley E. Influence of sitting behaviors on sleep disturbance and memory impairment in breast cancer survivors. Cancer Med. 2020 May;9(10):3417-3424. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3008. Epub 2020 Mar 23. |
| 29940894 | Derived | Ehlers DK, Fanning J, Salerno EA, Aguinaga S, Cosman J, Severson J, Kramer AF, McAuley E. Replacing sedentary time with physical activity or sleep: effects on cancer-related cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors. BMC Cancer. 2018 Jun 25;18(1):685. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4603-3. |
| D017437 |
| Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D003072 | Cognition Disorders |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |