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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Copenhagen | OTHER |
| European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes | OTHER |
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The study aims to evaluate the effect of smoking on postprandial responses such as plasma glucose, secretion of gut - and pancreatic hormones and gastric emptying in healthy, heavy smoking men.
Epidemiological studies show that active smoking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-dependent fashion. Smokers seem to be characterized by central obesity, increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, which may lead to insulin resistance and irregularities in glucose metabolism. The current study is a meal test study, in which the aim is to examine a number of variables during a liquid mixed meal test (including gastric emptying, glucose tolerance, gut and pancreatic hormone responses, gall bladder emptying, appetite and food intake) performed in healthy non-smoking subjects and in healthy smokers with or without concomitant cigarette smoking.
The investigators hypothesize that smoking-induced increases in circulating nicotine levels and simultaneous activation of nicotinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and in the autonomic nervous system would have detrimental effect on postprandial glucose metabolism and, thus, constitute an important link between smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The current study will help to clarify this hypothesis and improve our general understanding of the association between smoking and gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying and glucose metabolism.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy, heavy smoking men | Experimental | Twelve healthy, male subjects. Intervention: Will undergo two separate, identical test days. One absent smoking, and one with concomitant smoking. |
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| Healthy, non-smoking men | Experimental | Twelve healthy, male subjects. Intervention: Will undergo a liquid mixed meal test and a skin biopsy. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid mixed meal | Dietary Supplement | The subjects will ingest a 400 ml chocolate drink, rich on carbohydrates, fat and lipids. In the following 4 hours, blood samples will be drawn from a PVC for the measurement of plasma glucose, gut- and pancreatic hormones, acetaminophen etc. After the 4 hours, the subjects will be offered an ad libitum meal. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial response of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial response of insulin | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Postprandial response of Glukagon |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Both groups
Smokers • Minimum 20 cigarettes pr. day for at least 1 year
Non-smokers
• No smoking on a regular basis
Exclusion Criteria:
Both groups
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital | Hellerup | Copenhagen | 2900 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29602793 | Derived | Grondahl MF, Bagger JI, Lund A, Faurschou A, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Knop FK. Effects of Smoking Versus Nonsmoking on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Heavy Smokers Compared With Nonsmokers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jun;41(6):1260-1267. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1818. Epub 2018 Mar 30. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D012907 | Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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| Skin Biopsy | Other | All subjects will undergo a skin biopsy procedure. Two small (3 mm) biopsies will be taken from the hip area under local anaesthesia. Standard wound treatment will follow. |
|
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
| -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Postprandial response of CCK | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Postprandial response of Gastrin | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Postprandial response of GIP | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Postprandial increment in plasma glucose | Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Blood Inflammatory and metabolic markers (composite) | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Gall bladder volume | Assessment of gall bladder volume will be mediated by ultrasound | -30, 20, 40, 80, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min) |
| Gastric emptying | Measurement of acetaminophen is taken as a measure of gastric emptying | -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min |
| GLP-1 receptor expression in the skin | Analysis of the skin cells from the biopsies. | After the 240 minutes |
| D001519 | Behavior |