Study design: Investigator initiated, single centre, feasibility study

Main objectives are twofold:

1. To investigate the feasibility of RNS in patients with therapy resistant hypertension, which is assessing the functional distribution of renal nerves using 3D imaging and differential pacing modalities.
2. To investigate the blood pressure responses and cardiac excitable properties to RNS, and subsequently perform a RDN procedure, guided by 3D mapping by two different techniques e.g. RNS-checked RDN and RNS-guided RDN procedures.

Study population: 40 patients (18 - 80 yr old)

Background: Approximately 10-15% of adults with hypertension are considered to be treatment resistant because their hypertension is uncontrolled despite taking three or more drugs that includes a diuretic. Renal denervation (RDN) is a novel treatment option for therapy resistant hypertension and its rationale originates in denervating the renal sympathetic efferent and afferent coupling with the central autonomic nervous system. By denervating the renal arteries, general sympathetic tone is reduced. Currently, RDN is performed by placing in a spiral pattern 5-6 ablation lesions in each renal artery. 15-30% of the patients do not have any benefit from this procedure. The reason for this is unknown. Experimental data show that renal nerve stimulation (RNS) may serve as a functional endpoint to assess completeness of the RDN procedure. A RNS-guided RDN may prove to be superior to standard RDN (RNS-checked) in blood pressure control.

Main objectives are twofold:

1. To investigate the feasibility of RNS in patients with therapy resistant hypertension, which is assessing the functional distribution of renal nerves using 3D imaging and differential pacing modalities.
2. To investigate the blood pressure responses and cardiac excitable properties to RNS, and subsequently perform a RDN procedure, guided by 3D mapping by two different techniques e.g. RNS-checked RDN and RNS-guided RDN procedures.

Secondary objective:

The secondary objective is to compare both techniques (RNS-checked vs. RNS-guided) in terms of efficacy and safety.

Hypotheses:

• We hypothesize that identification and localization of the sympathetic nerve bundles using 3D navigation systems and selective pacing manoeuvres will allow a functional approach to denervate the kidneys and improve the success rate of this procedure in patients with hypertension.
• We hypothesize that the RNS-guided RDN procedure will show better blood pressure data during follow up, since the completeness has been assessed in contrast to the RNS-checked RDN procedure.

Study design: Investigator initiated, single centre, prospective, feasibility study

Study population: 40 patients (18 - 80 yr old)

• 20 patients treated with RNS-checked RDN
• 20 patients treated with RNS-guided RDN

Intervention:

Two different techniques will be used in this trial:

1. RNS-checked RDN
2. RNS-guided RDN

Main study endpoints:

Main study parameter will be the arterial blood pressure response to RNS prior to RDN and absence of blood pressure rise in response to pacing in the renal artery after RDN.

Secondary study endpoints:

Blood pressure at 3, 6, 12 months after the intervention, and change in blood pressure compared to measurement before the intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The patient is willing and able to comply with the protocol and has provided written informed consent.
• Age 18-80 years
• The patient has hypertension and is accepted for renal denervation or combined pulmonary bein isolation and renal denervation
• Glomerular filtration rate >45 mL/min
• No history of renal artery stenosis

Exclusion Criteria:

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Contraindication to chronic anticoagulation therapy or heparin.
• Chronic oxygen use
• Primary pulmonary hypertension
• Woman currently pregnant or breastfeeding or not using reliable contraceptive measures during fertile age.
• Known secondary cause of hypertension
• Mental or physical inability to participate in the study.
• Renal artery stenosis >50% of the arterial lumen, or renal artery lumen ≤3 mm.
• Dual or triple ipsilateral renal artery ostia.

RNS guided RDN