This study is a clinical trial to determine the safety of injecting G207 (a new experimental virus therapy) into a recurrent or progressive brain tumor. The safety of combining G207 with a single low dose of radiation, designed to enhance virus replication and tumor cell killing, will also be tested.

Outcomes for children with recurrent or progressive supratentorial malignant brain tumors are very poor, and there are a lack of effective salvage therapies once a patient fails standard treatments.

G207 is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV) that has been successfully engineered to introduce mutations in the virus that enable it to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells, but not normal cells. Replication of G207 in the tumor not only kills the infected tumor cells, but causes the tumor cell to act as a factory to produce new virus. These virus particles are released as the tumor cell dies, and can then proceed to infect other tumor cells in the vicinity, and continue the process of tumor kill. In addition to this direct oncolytic activity, the virus engenders an anti-tumor immune response; the virus is immunogenic and produces a debris field which exposes cancer cell antigens to immune cells which can target other cancer cells. Thus, the oncolytic effect of the virus and the immune response that the virus stimulates provide a one-two punch at attacking cancer cells. In preclinical studies, a single 5 Gy dose of radiation within 24 hours of virus inoculation to the tumor increased virus replication and tumor cell killing.

The University of Alabama at Birmingham has conducted three phase I trials of G207 injected into the recurrent tumor alone or combined with a single dose of radiation in adults with recurrent high-grade gliomas. In these trials, high doses (up to 3 x 10^9 plaque-forming units) of virus were safely injected directly into the tumor or surrounding brain tissue without serious toxicities. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached in all 3 trials. Radiographic and neuropathologic evidence of an antitumor response was seen in some patients. Preclinical laboratory studies have demonstrated that a variety of aggressive pediatric brain tumor types are sensitive to G207.

This study is a phase I, open-label, single institution clinical trial of G207 alone or combined with a single low dose of radiation in children with recurrent or progressive supratentorial brain tumors. The primary goal is to determine safety. The secondary aims are to obtain preliminary information on the effectiveness of and immune response to G207.

A traditional 3 + 3 design will be used with four patient cohorts. The first two cohorts will receive G207 at one of two doses, and the second two cohorts will receive G207 at one of two doses followed by a 5 Gy dose of radiation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 36 months and < 19 years
• Pathologically proven malignant supratentorial brain tumor (including glioblastoma multiforme, giant cell glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, ependymoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, germ cell tumor, or other high-grade malignant tumor) which is progressive or recurrent despite standard care including surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. A pathologically proven secondary malignant tumor without curative treatment options is eligible.
• Lesion must be > 1.0 cm in diameter and surgically accessible as determined by MRI
• Patients must have fully recovered from acute treatment related toxicities of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy prior to entering this study.
• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: patients must have received their last dose at least 3 weeks prior (or at least 6 weeks if nitrosurea)
• Investigational/Biologic agents: patients must have recovered from any acute toxicities potentially related to the agent and received last dose ≥ 7 days prior to entering this study (this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur for agents with known adverse events ≥ 7 days). For viral therapy, patients must have received viral therapy ≥ 3 months prior to study entry and have recovered from all acute toxicities potentially related to the agent
• Monoclonal antibodies: patient must have received last dose ≥ 21 days prior
• Radiation: Patients must have received their last fraction of craniospinal radiation (>24 Gy) or total body irradiation ≥ 3 months prior to study entry. Patients must have received focal radiation to symptomatic metastatic sites or local palliative radiation > 28 days prior to study entry.
• Autologous bone marrow transplant: Patients must be ≥ 3 months since transplant prior to study entry.
• Normal hematological, renal and liver function (Absolute neutrophil count > 1000/mm3, Platelets > 100,000/mm3, Prothrombin Time (PT) or Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) < 1.3 x control, Creatinine within normal institutional limits OR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal, Total Bilirubin < 1.5 mg/dl, Transaminases < 3 times above the upper limits of the institutional norm)
• Patients < 10 years, Modified Lansky score ≥ 60; patients > 10 years, Karnofsky score ≥ 60
• Patient life expectancy must be at least 8 weeks
• Written informed consent in accordance with institutional and FDA guidelines must be obtained from patient or legal guardian

Exclusion Criteria:

• Acute infection, granulocytopenia or medical condition precluding surgery
• Pregnant or lactating females
• Prior history of encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, or other central nervous system (CNS) infection
• Tumor involvement which would require ventricular, cerebellar or brainstem inoculation or would require access through a ventricle in order to deliver treatment
• Required steroid increase within 1 week prior to injection
• Known HIV seropositivity
• Concurrent therapy with any drug active against HSV (acyclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, gancyclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir) or any immunosuppressive drug therapy (except dexamethasone or prednisone).