Within the past 20 years, there has been a striking increase in the incidence of obesity 1;2, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 3-5, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the schizophrenic population 6-8 . Large NIH-funded trials indicate that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is twice to three times greater in schizophrenic patients on a specific class of drug termed the "atypical antipsychotics" (AAPs), of which olanzapine is an example, as compared to matched controls 8. Identification of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to metabolic disease in schizophrenic patients on AAPs has been hampered by the inability to differentiate underlying disease from treatment-emergent complications. In addition, despite falling within the same drug class, different AAPs exhibit differential associations with metabolic disease. Olanzapine is one of the AAPs associated with the greatest weight gain and degree of metabolic impairments.

The increased incidence of T2DM and CVD with the AAPs has been assumed a consequence of weight gain. However, accumulating evidence of weight-independent effects derived from in vitro and rodent studies suggests a direct effect of some AAPs on the pancreatic B-cell and the liver. We have recently completed the first of two studies supported by an NIH grant which provides evidence for a direct effect of olanzapine on metabolism, independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease. Findings from the first study indicate that short-term administration (9-days) of olanzapine compared to aripiprazole, another AAP as well as placebo dramatically increases post-prandial insulin levels in healthy control subjects independent of weight gain; providing evidence of tissue specific effects of the drug in humans. We also found that the increase in insulin was not accompanied by an increase in plasma C-peptide concentrations suggesting that olanzapine may decrease hepatic insulin extraction. Decreases in hepatic insulin extraction can be mediated through muscarinic blockade and in fact, data from our laboratory demonstrates that atropine (the muscarinic antagonist) inhibits hepatic insulin extraction in humans. Blockade of muscarinic receptors is consistent with the receptor binding profile of olanzapine which shows a higher receptor antagonism for muscarinic receptors compared to other AAPs. In addition, we also found significant increases in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and decreases in insulin sensitivity following olanzapine administration compared to aripiprazole and placebo. The proposed study follows up on these findings with a study designed to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the olanzapine-induced post-prandial hyperinsulinemia and GLP-1. The overall hypothesis of this study is that olanzapine blocks peripheral muscarinic receptors, leading to a compensatory increase in vagal efferent activation which contributes to an increase in insulin secretion.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men and women ages 18-40
2. BMI 19-24.5kg/m2
3. Systolic BP <130mm Hg
4. Diastolic BP <85mm Hg
5. Subjects capable of giving informed consent, with no past or present psychiatric history
6. Only women on oral contraceptives with constant dosing regimens or Depo-Provera for >3 months, to ensure uniform hormonal delivery throughout the study duration
7. No medications except as above noted
8. Weight stable
9. Minimal exercise regime that includes walking, running or biking

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of heart disease, colitis, autonomic neuropathy, hepatic or renal disease
2. DSM-IV diagnosis of past or present psychiatric history, including clinically significant depression
3. Drug/Alcohol dependence, homelessness, or inability to give informed consent
4. History of asthma, congenital obstructive bladder, peptic ulcer, vasomotor instability, epilepsy, Parkinsonism, elevated thyroid hormone levels
5. Diagnosis of diabetes
6. BMI>25 kg/m2
7. Prescription medication (excluding the contraceptive methods described above)
8. Hemoglobin <11
9. Abnormal laboratory tests which are clinically significant per the investigator
10. Females pregnant or lactating
11. Females: not taking hormonal contraceptives; taking hormonal contraceptives of varying dosage throughout the month
12. Currently on a weight loss diet
13. Moderate to significant exercise regime that includes swimming, weight lifting or other form of exercise not reproducible within CTRC.