Study of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Among High-Risk Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients in Pakistan

Prevalence of Anaemia Secondary to Early Stage Chronic Kidney Disease in High Risk Diabetic and/or Hypertensive Population

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of CKD-related anemia at an early stage through screening of high-risk patients in Pakistan at the level of physicians, cardiologists, and diabetologists. The information gathered may serve as a foundation in formulating national guidelines for better early diagnosis and management of patients with CKD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age greater than or equal to 40 years
• Known hypertension and/or diabetes for at least 3 years
• Positive dipstick test result for proteinuria

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known CKD
• Receiving erythropoietin
• Blood transfusion within 8 weeks
• History of acute or chronic bleeding, hemolysis, or hemoglobinopathy