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A large number of veterans suffer from distress-based conditions, such as anxiety and depression, putting them at high risk of experiencing persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery. These connections are based on strong and consistent evidence from the literature and our preliminary data. The proposed study adds a 1-day workshop of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), followed by an individual "booster" session, to treatment as usual (TAU) to reduce veterans' risk of persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery. ACT has been shown to be effective in reducing chronic pain, anxiety and depression.
This pilot study will establish the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of incorporating ACT into treatment as usual (TAU) to preoperatively target distress-based risk factors. Aim 1 is to establish the feasibility of successfully delivering ACT to at-risk veterans before and after surgery. Aim 2 is to test the preliminary efficacy of ACT on the length and/or amount of pain and opioid use after surgery. Veterans who are anxious or depressed before surgery will be randomly assigned to receive ACT plus TAU or TAU. Outcomes between the two groups will be compared. Aim 3 is to see if PROMIS modules, developed by the National Institute of Health, are useful for assessing pain and other symptoms in veterans. Findings from this study will be used to inform the design and implementation of a larger, well controlled, randomized clinical trial that will evaluate the efficacy of ACT plus TAU for at-risk veterans.
This study will take place at the Iowa City VA Health Care System (VAMC). Veterans scheduled for orthopedic or open abdominal surgery in 1 to 3 months who score high for anxiety or depression will be randomly assigned to attend a 1-day ACT workshop preoperatively, with an individualize "booster" session postoperatively, or to have TAU. Veterans who receive ACT and trainers who provide the treatment will be interviewed to identify barriers and facilitators to providing ACT to at-risk veterans before and after surgery. Other primarily outcomes are pain and opioid use after surgery. Factors that may affect these outcomes will also be measured, including anxiety, depression, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and use of other pain meds.
The investigators expect to gain important knowledge about ways to best include ACT as part of routine care for veterans requiring surgery and about the preliminary efficacy of ACT for the prevention of persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery.
A large number of veterans suffer from distress-based conditions, such as anxiety and depression, putting them at risk of experiencing persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery. Preventing these problems (our long term goal) for the thousands of veterans who undergo surgery each year can have a dramatic impact on quality of life and productivity, including positive effects on mood, daily activities, sleep, cognitive functions, social life and decreased risk of suicide (1, 2). In addition to these benefits for individual veterans, prevention of these problems can significantly reduce the estimated billions of dollars associated with veterans' utilization of the healthcare system as well as costs associated with lost work productivity, including unemployment and disability benefits (3).
Building on strong and consistent evidence showing that high anxiety and depression put veterans at risk for persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery (4, 5), this proposal tests the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of implementing a 1-day training session with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in veterans identified to be at-risk prior to surgery. ACT has been shown to significantly lower distress and disability in patients with chronic pain (6-8) and is particularly valuable intervention for the 80% of veterans who experience some level of psychological distress prior to surgery (9) and the 50% of veterans who report they experience pain on a regular basis (10, 11). Current practice does not include psychological interventions specifically aimed at addressing distress-based conditions prior to surgery. This study is a necessary first step in evaluating the efficacy of this novel intervention during a critical juncture in care to benefit veterans and prevent the devastating consequences of persistent pain and prolonged opioid use following surgery.
This project is based on our interdisciplinary team's research on psychological factors predicting persistent pain after total knee replacement (12) and the effect of ACT on depression and pain in depressed migraine sufferers (13). The design of this 1-day workshop was developed based on feedback given by patients who received ACT during co-I Dindo's preliminary study. The rationale for this research is that, once we determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of incorporating this 1-day workshop into treatment as usual (TAU) to preoperatively target distress-based risk conditions, findings from this study will be used to inform the design and implementation of a larger, well controlled, randomized clinical trial that will evaluate the efficacy of ACT plus TAU (ACT + TAU) for at-risk veterans. The following specific aims will be achieved:
This project has the potential to infuse what is known about effective treatment of chronic pain into the acute care environment to benefit veterans and improve surgical outcomes. It incorporates an interdisciplinary approach to the care of veterans that attends to the psychology of pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACT plus TAU | Experimental | Participants randomized to receive ACT will be scheduled to attend a 1-day training session before their preoperative clinic visit. The intervention will incorporate both experiential learning and didactic content, will include a summary of the main concepts at the end of the day, and a manual of the main concepts will be sent home with participants so they can practice the exercises prior to and after surgery. Participants will also receive an individualized phone call "booster" intervention 2 weeks after surgery to address any issues and reinforce the information that was given during the workshop. This will be done to facilitate the participant's use of the skills during the postoperative period. |
|
| TAU | No Intervention | Current pre-surgery treatment includes a nurse-led patient education class covering the post-operative course and what to expect for pain control and recovery. Patients may be taking analgesia (i.e. opioids and/or non-opioids) preoperatively for a chronic pain condition and are prescribed analgesics, sedatives and/ or anxiolytics immediately prior to surgery. Intraoperatively, regional (i.e., spinal and femoral) anesthesia and analgesia is given and patients receive opioids, non-opioids, anticonvulsants and/or anxiolytics during the immediate postoperative period. Other pain treatments may be used, such as cryotherapy, music therapy, relaxation, imagery, etc. Patients are sent home with analgesia (often a combination medication of an opioid and acetaminophen) for breakthrough pain. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) | Behavioral | The 1-day training session with ACT proposed for this study is designed to reduce behavioral avoidance and to enhance acceptance-based coping. The intervention includes: 1) Behavioral Change Training (2.5 hours) involving a) teaching patients how to recognize ineffective patterns of behavior and habits, b) exploring and setting life goals and goals related to mental and physical health, and c) promoting effective and committed actions to achieve these goals despite the urge to do otherwise; 2) Acceptance and Mindfulness Training (2.5 hours) emphasizing new ways of managing troubling thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations (e.g., learning how to recognize, and develop cognitive distance from, unhelpful thoughts and learning how to willingly face experiences that cannot be changed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent of Veterans Willing and Able to Receive the ACT Intervention. | The percent of veterans randomized to the ACT intervention who did receive the ACT intervention will be collected. | Enrollment to 3 months post surgery |
| Amount of Pain Intensity on 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale | Participants will be asked to rate the intensity of their maximum pain on a vertical, 0-10 numeric rating scale (0-10 NRS) with 0.5 increments at 3 months after surgery. Participants will be asked to provide a number that represents their highest pain intensity during the day if 0 is no pain and 10 is the most intense pain imaginable. | 3 months post surgery |
| Amount of Opioid Use | Participants will be asked total daily dose of opioid medications at 3 months after surgery. All opioid doses converted to oral morphine equivalents. | 3 months post surgery |
| Length of Pain (Days) | Participants will record their pain daily after surgery via an electronic (REDCap) or hardcopy log. When pain < 3 has been recorded for 5 consecutive days, the first date in the series will be used as the point of cessation and the length of time from surgery to this date will be calculated as the length of pain. | 6 months post surgery |
| Length of Opioid Use (Days) | Participants will record all pain medications (i.e. opioids and non-opioids) taken on a computerized pain medication form (or hardcopy log if participant does not have computer access available) until 3 months after surgery. The computerized pain medication form will list the drug name, route, dose, number taken, and date/time of each dose. When 0 doses of opioids have been recorded for 5 consecutive days, the first date in the series will be used as the point of cessation and the length of time from surgery to this date will be calculated as the length of opioid use. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Barbara Rakel, PhD | University of Iowa | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iowa City VAMC | Iowa City | Iowa | 52242 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12889597 | Background | Caffo O, Amichetti M, Ferro A, Lucenti A, Valduga F, Galligioni E. Pain and quality of life after surgery for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Jul;80(1):39-48. doi: 10.1023/A:1024435101619. | |
| 10385806 | Background | Abyholm AS, Hjortdahl P. [The pain takes hold of life. A qualitative study of how patients with chronic back pain experience and cope with their life situation]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1999 Apr 30;119(11):1624-9. Norwegian. |
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Eligible participants were randomized at their enrollment visit following phone screening. They were excluded if imminent risk of suicide. Active treatment groups received both ACT and TAU.
Veterans indicated for orthopedic surgery and identified to be at-risk for poor outcomes were recruited following their indication clinic visit at the VAMC orthopedic clinic.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | ACT + TAU | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy plus Treatment as Usual |
| FG001 | Treatment as Usual (TAU) | Treatment as Usual |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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Participants who received surgery post randomization
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | ACT + TAU | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy plus Treatment as Usual |
| BG001 | Treatment as Usual | Treatment as usual - preoperative education and perioperative analgesia |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Percent of Veterans Willing and Able to Receive the ACT Intervention. | The percent of veterans randomized to the ACT intervention who did receive the ACT intervention will be collected. | Posted | Number | percent | Enrollment to 3 months post surgery |
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | ACT + TAU |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distress-based symptom increase | Psychiatric disorders | Depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Lilian Dindo, Assistant Professor | Baylor College of Medicine | 713-440-4637 | lilian.dindo@bcm.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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|
| 6 months post surgery |
| 21128783 | Background | Kerns RD, Sellinger J, Goodin BR. Psychological treatment of chronic pain. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:411-34. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-090310-120430. |
| 23463498 | Background | Carroll I, Hah J, Mackey S, Ottestad E, Kong JT, Lahidji S, Tawfik V, Younger J, Curtin C. Perioperative interventions to reduce chronic postsurgical pain. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013 May;29(4):213-22. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1329921. Epub 2013 Mar 5. |
| 19672167 | Background | Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F. Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2009 Sep;111(3):657-77. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181aae87a. |
| 21377652 | Background | McCracken LM, Gutierrez-Martinez O. Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2011 Apr;49(4):267-74. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.004. Epub 2011 Feb 15. |
| 19945795 | Background | McCracken LM, Velleman SC. Psychological flexibility in adults with chronic pain: a study of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action in primary care. Pain. 2010 Jan;148(1):141-147. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.034. Epub 2009 Nov 28. |
| 18377140 | Background | McCracken LM, Vowles KE. A prospective analysis of acceptance of pain and values-based action in patients with chronic pain. Health Psychol. 2008 Mar;27(2):215-20. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.215. |
| 22088603 | Background | Patton CM, Hung M, Lawrence BD, Patel AA, Woodbury AM, Brodke DS, Daubs MD. Psychological distress in a Department of Veterans Affairs spine patient population. Spine J. 2012 Sep;12(9):798-803. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.10.008. Epub 2011 Nov 16. |
| 19818040 | Background | Otis JD, Keane TM, Kerns RD, Monson C, Scioli E. The development of an integrated treatment for veterans with comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder. Pain Med. 2009 Oct;10(7):1300-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00715.x. |
| 15080222 | Background | Kerns RD, Otis J, Rosenberg R, Reid MC. Veterans' reports of pain and associations with ratings of health, health-risk behaviors, affective distress, and use of the healthcare system. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003 Sep-Oct;40(5):371-9. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2003.09.0371. |
| 22840570 | Background | Rakel BA, Blodgett NP, Zimmerman BM, Logsden-Sackett N, Clark C, Noiseux N, Callaghan J, Herr K, Geasland K, Yang X, Sluka KA. Predictors of postoperative movement and resting pain following total knee replacement. Pain. 2012 Nov;153(11):2192-2203. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.06.021. Epub 2012 Jul 25. |
| 22728646 | Background | Dindo L, Recober A, Marchman JN, Turvey C, O'Hara MW. One-day behavioral treatment for patients with comorbid depression and migraine: a pilot study. Behav Res Ther. 2012 Sep;50(9):537-43. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.007. Epub 2012 May 27. |
| 29777950 | Result | Dindo L, Zimmerman MB, Hadlandsmyth K, StMarie B, Embree J, Marchman J, Tripp-Reimer T, Rakel B. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Prevention of Chronic Postsurgical Pain and Opioid Use in At-Risk Veterans: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. J Pain. 2018 Oct;19(10):1211-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.04.016. Epub 2018 May 17. |
| 33998340 | Derived | Liu W, Dindo L, Hadlandsmyth K, Unick GJ, Zimmerman MB, St Marie B, Embree J, Tripp-Reimer T, Rakel B. Item Response Theory Analysis: PROMIS(R) Anxiety Form and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. West J Nurs Res. 2022 Aug;44(8):765-772. doi: 10.1177/01939459211015985. Epub 2021 May 17. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Participants |
|
|
| Primary | Amount of Pain Intensity on 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale | Participants will be asked to rate the intensity of their maximum pain on a vertical, 0-10 numeric rating scale (0-10 NRS) with 0.5 increments at 3 months after surgery. Participants will be asked to provide a number that represents their highest pain intensity during the day if 0 is no pain and 10 is the most intense pain imaginable. | Intent-to-treat - with randomized participants who received surgery | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 3 months post surgery |
|
|
|
| Primary | Amount of Opioid Use | Participants will be asked total daily dose of opioid medications at 3 months after surgery. All opioid doses converted to oral morphine equivalents. | Intent-to-treat - for participants who received surgery | Posted | Median | Full Range | mg oral morphine | 3 months post surgery |
|
|
|
| Primary | Length of Pain (Days) | Participants will record their pain daily after surgery via an electronic (REDCap) or hardcopy log. When pain < 3 has been recorded for 5 consecutive days, the first date in the series will be used as the point of cessation and the length of time from surgery to this date will be calculated as the length of pain. | Intent-to-treat - with participants who received surgery | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | days | 6 months post surgery |
|
|
|
| Primary | Length of Opioid Use (Days) | Participants will record all pain medications (i.e. opioids and non-opioids) taken on a computerized pain medication form (or hardcopy log if participant does not have computer access available) until 3 months after surgery. The computerized pain medication form will list the drug name, route, dose, number taken, and date/time of each dose. When 0 doses of opioids have been recorded for 5 consecutive days, the first date in the series will be used as the point of cessation and the length of time from surgery to this date will be calculated as the length of opioid use. | Intent-to-treat - with participants who received surgery | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | days | 6 months post surgery |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 40 |
| 2 |
| 40 |
| EG001 | Treatment as Usual | 0 | 34 | 6 | 34 |
| Pain increase | Nervous system disorders |
|
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