It is a cross-sectional study examining a random sample of in- and out-patients, with proven malignant disease receiving chemotherapy, over a period of 6 months from the start of the study who visit the Oncology department, Ain Shams University Teaching Hospitals. The effect of some risk factors on the prescribing error will be studied; these risk factors include the following: Tumor type ,Cancer stage ,type of comorbid illness ,type of medication , type of anti-cancer treatment , number of abnormal lab data ,type of abnormal lab data , the number of drugs in the treatment regimen , the number of side effects after chemotherapy administration, the age of patient ,the dosing frequency of anticancer ,the route of administration .

Summary statistics are performed to describe patient characteristics , frequency, types and classification of medication error; and frequency with which Medication errors occur.

Logistic regression will be applied to the collected data to perform a predictive relation between the risk factors which may be (categorical, continuous, or discrete) and the prescribing errors which are (categorical).

This study will be performed according to the hospital's ethics board. Data on age, cancer diagnosis, cancer stage, comorbid illness, details of the anticancer treatment, and drugs for comorbid illness as well as any laboratory abnormalities will be collected.The data will be collected from medical records review.Progress notes and changes made to patients' medication orders since admission are reviewed.

Drugs are classified as either "active agents" (defined as medications to treat cancer- and/or therapy-related symptoms) or "medications to treat comorbid conditions." A comorbid illness is defined as a non-cancer clinical condition that required pharmacologic treatment .

Prescribing errors will be classified as:

• Incorrect Medication: Medication ordered was not appropriate for patient based on indication, patient-specific variables, or clinical status.
• Medication Omission Error: patient having an indication for which no treatment or inadequate treatment was prescribed.
• Dose error: Under or over dosage of more than 5% of antineoplastic drugs .
• Dose omission: unspecified dosage for the medications.
• Incorrect Treatment Duration: Medication prescribed without an appropriate stop time.
• Potential drug-drug interactions: a modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug.
• Duplicate prescribing: two or more drugs from the same class are prescribed to treat the same condition, or different conditions.
• Omitted or improper route of administration: unspecified route, wrong route, or improper route to the patient clinical status.
• Improper medication infusion rate: wrong infusion rate for medications administrated via intravenous route.

The prescribing errors will be identified utilizing:

1. Clinical Oncology guidelines of Ain shams university hospitals.
2. BC cancer agency (BCCA) cancer drug manual
3. .the web site chemocalculator (will be used to identify errors in dose calculation).

4- .Drugs.com (used to identify drug-drug interaction, route of administration errors, dose errors, and infusion rate errors).

5-- Manual search for chemotherapy prescribing errors articles via pubmed., and science direct.

Prescribing errors will be schemed into 3 levels according to their scientific evidence.

1. Established: error confirmed by large clinical trials.
2. Probable: error with high likelihood of occurrence but without definitive randomized clinical trials.
3. Suspect: error likely to occur; data derived from case reports. To confirm the scientific evidence of the error, the investigators need to search BC Cancer Agency , pubmed, science direct and, medical journals literature to ensure the scientific evidence of the error. Reporting medication errors of scientific evidence from 1 to 3 to the physicians via e-mail.

Ranking the severity of the prescribing errors ,in which major, when the potential error could lead to permanent damage or risk of death; moderate, when the clinical consequence of an error requires medical treatment; or minor, when small or no clinical effect is expected from the error .

Clinical pharmacist will discuss and study the effect of the following risk factors on prescribing error:

• The tumor type (breast cancer, lymphoma and myeloma ,lung cancer ,genitourinary cancer ,gynecological cancer , GIT cancer, melanoma,head and neck cancer).

• Cancer stage.

  1. early: indicates Carcinoma in situ
  2. : locally- advanced: indicate more extensive disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor
  3. metastatic : indicates The cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs.

• Type of comorbid illness (heart disease /renal disease /hepatic disease /diabetes/ hypertension / gastric disease/ blood abnormality/ osteoporosis).

• The number of drugs in the treatment regimen .

• Type of medication ( active agent ,comorbid illness medication )

• Type of anticancer treatment

• The route of administration of chemotherapy (intravenous, intramuscular, Oral, Intrathecal).

• Dosing Frequency of treatment.

• The number of side effects of chemotherapy administrated experienced by the patient.

• The number of abnormal lab data.

• The type of abnormal lab data (kidney function test ,liver function test ,blood test ).

• The age of patient. Summary statistics of the data will be performed to determine the incidence of prescribing errors in the oncology department of Ain shams university hospitals.

Logistic regression analysis of the data will be performed using SPSS.

• Dependent variable is the presence or absence of prescribing error for which there is reasonable supportive evidence (i.e., scientific evidence levels 1 - 3).
• Explanatory variables (risk factors) are age, cancer type, cancer stage, treatment type, type of comorbid illness, number of drugs, type of medications, the number of laboratory abnormality, type of lab abnormality the route of administration, the frequency of treatment.

Logistic regression is used to model the determinants and predict the likelihood of the prescribing errors in the oncology department, Ain shams university hospital. The impact (coefficient) of each risk factor will be quantitatively correlated to prescribing errors.

Charts will be performed to inform physicians of the prescribing errors of high incidence, as well as, the risk factors increasing the likelihood of prescribing errors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• in- and out-patients, with proven malignant disease receiving chemotherapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients receiving experimental agents and
• patients who are too ill or unwilling to participate will be excluded.

in- and out-patients, with proven malignant disease receiving chemotherapy