The current study using the longitudinal study in preschool children to exam three study issues: 1) using the neuropsychological functions (ie. Behavioral inhibition, delay aversion, the variability of reaction time) among the preschool children predict the ADHD diagnosis and behavior symptoms in 1.5 years later. 2) using the behavior inhibition, delay aversion and the variability of reaction time (using the parameter among Gaussian distribution and ex-Gaussian distribution) explore the association between attention and motor inhibition problems. 3) explore the transaction effect between the neuropsychological functions and family function and parenting to predict ADHD comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder.4) explore the association between the internalizing/ externalizing problems of ADHD and temperament. The current study has opportunity to describe and to answer the complicated problems for heterogeneous neuropsychological deficits in ADHD, and to elucidate the core issues for ADHD have comorbid with ODD. The most important contribution is to offer the empirical evidence to make a clean suggestion in ADHD diagnosis and intervention in preschool age.

The current study would follow the same participants for 1.5 years, time 1 is around 4-5 years old, and time 2 is around 6-7 years old.

Participants:

• 100 typical developmental control
• 120 ADHD high risk preschool children at time 1

The diagnosis at time 2 to have three groups in this study:

• ADHD persistent
• ADHD remission
• typical developmental control

The measurements were included

• the different neuropsychological test (ie. behavioral inhibition, delay aversion, and vigilance task)
• the ADHD behavioral rating scales and diagnosis interview
• the scaling for family function and parenting
• intellectual assessment

This study could offer the suggestion for the further intervention in ADHD.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Control group

   • The subjects without ADHD.
   • Ages range from 4 to 5
   • Full scale IQ ≥ 80
   • The subjects who and whose parents consent to this study.

2. ADHD high risk group

   • Patients who have clinically diagnosis of DSM-IV ADHD confirmed by the Psychiatrists or have the risk of becoming ADHD confirmed by the ADHD behavioral rating scales.
   • Ages range from 4 to 5
   • Full scale IQ ≥ 80
   • Patients who and whose parents consent to this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Mental Retardation
• Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder
• Mood Disorders
• Organic Psychosis
• Learning Disorder
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder
• The subjects of control group if have a history of the following condition as defined by DSM-IV: ADHD in addition to the above exclusion criteria will be excluded.

We will recruit 100 typical developmental control and 120 ADHD high risk preschool children at time 1, and we using the diagnosis at time 2 to have three groups in this study (ADHD persistent, ADHD remission and typical developmental control).