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Emergence agitation is a common problem in children during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia. Pain is considered as a cause of postoperative emergence agitation and compounding factor of agitation assessment in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of scalp nerve block on the emergence agitation in children undergoing nevus surgery during sevoflurane anesthesia.
Forty-four children, 1-7 years old, undergoing nevus surgery on head were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and rocuronium, and maintained with sevoflurane. Patients were randomly assigned two groups: the control group received IV remifentanil 1 μg/kg, and the block group received scalp nerve block with 0.25% ropivacaine 2-3 ml. Time to tracheal extubation, recovery time, hemodynamic change, FLACC score, and Watcha behavior scale for emergence agitation were assessed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nerve block | Experimental | Scalp nerve block was performed with 0.25% ropivacaine. |
|
| Control | Active Comparator | Remifentanil was administered intravenously. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ropivacaine | Drug | 0.25% ropivacaine 2-3 ml was injected around the scalp nerves that are located on the head. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| change of Watcha behavior scale for emergence agitation (4 point) | from immediately after PACU arrival to 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min after arrival |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jong Yeop Kim, MD | Ajou University School of Medicine | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajou University Hospital | Suwon | Gyeongki-do | 443-721 | South Korea |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011595 | Psychomotor Agitation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020820 | Dyskinesias |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D011596 | Psychomotor Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077212 | Ropivacaine |
| D000077208 | Remifentanil |
| D000077149 | Sevoflurane |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
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| Remifentanil | Drug | Remifentanil 1 μg/kg was injected before skin incision. |
|
|
| Sevoflurane | Drug | Anesthesia was titrated with sevoflurane, maintaining mean arterial pressure and heart rate within 20% baseline value. |
|
| D019954 |
| Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000096762 | Aberrant Motor Behavior in Dementia |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000588 |
| Amines |
| D011422 | Propionates |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D008738 | Methyl Ethers |
| D004987 | Ethers |
| D006845 | Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated |
| D006846 | Hydrocarbons, Halogenated |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |