Widespread food insecurity and malnutrition are largely the main impairing factors for human capital development in Pakistan. Rates of chronic malnutrition are very high, and acute malnutrition is critical: 44% of children under five are stunted and nationwide global acute malnutrition (GAM) rates amongst children under five exceed the WHO critical threshold of 15%. Nutritional status trends also show a deteriorating situation since 1994, when stunting rates were at 36%.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of food based interventions to prevent stunting among children under-five years with focus on window of opportunity (1000 days from conception to 2 years) for addressing stunting. Pregnant women, lactating mothers and children 6-59 months will receive supplements on monthly basis in intervention areas, while participants in control areas will receive routine public health services available in the study area.

Children under two are consuming less than half of their daily energy requirements (560 kcal) and lower than recommended levels of micronutrients (one-third of reference nutrient intake for Iron and one-half for Zinc). Overall, less than 4% of children were receiving an acceptable, diverse diet. Food security and nutrition situation in Sindh province is even more dramatic. According to the National Nutrition Survey, 2011, GAM prevalence exceeds 18% while anemia levels amongst children under five reached the alarming level of 72.5%. With this high level of poverty and food insecurity, a food based approach to prevent stunting, together with non- food based approaches is needed.

Therefore, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University proposes a research study for stronger evidence base on the effectiveness of preventive food/nutrient based interventions on reduction of stunting and developing viable programmes on nutrition under "real" operational conditions. The effectiveness of the project will be measured in terms of the impact of the proposed interventions on the stunting and micronutrient deficiency prevalences in the target group (children and mothers). Given the conditions of project implementation, a quasi-experimental "double difference" design would be appropriate to assess the impact of the intervention. We propose to compare the intervention and non-intervention (control) groups before (first difference) and after the intervention (second difference). Then, the operational implementation of the research comprises a baseline and end line surveys. In addition, a nested cluster randomized controlled trial will be implemented to track the evolution of key variables related to the quality of intervention delivery and intermediate nutrition outcomes. The control clusters will receive routine public and private health services available in the area.

To achieve its purpose and objectives the project design includes core interventions such as complementary feeding using food/nutrient based supplements along with behavior change communication, complemented with other non-food interventions. Using a preventative (blanket) approach, three types of food/nutrient supplements (Wawamum, MNP & WSB) are considered as part of the interventions.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All pregnant women
• All lactating mothers (upto 6 months)
• All children 6-23 months of age
• All children 24-59 months of age

Exclusion Criteria:

• Refuse to participate in the study
• Having severe chronic disease

Data are sharing with funding agency on 6-monthly basis

As per the project deliverables

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