Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Hospital Authority, Hong Kong | OTHER_GOV |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The purpose of this study is to examine whether a parental training program using group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for childhood asthma care, is effective in reducing the children's unplanned health care services utilization and asthmatic symptoms.
One-tenth of children in worldwide are diagnosed with asthma and it is the leading cause for unplanned health care services utilization. Parents, as the primary caregivers, experience different level of psychological distress in taking care of their children with asthma. Some of them responded with avoidance-based coping, which results in poor asthma symptom management and monitoring. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a contextual focused, behavioral therapy aiming at improving psychological flexibility, so that a person can be more opened up to engaging in value-driven behavior modification, thus attaining an optimal disease control. The benefits of ACT have been demonstrated on both parents and their children with chronic health conditions such as developmental disabilities, acquired brain injuries, chronic pain, cancer and mental disorders. To date, no ACT intervention has been conducted on examining its effects on training parents in managing their children with asthmatic conditions.
This is the first study aims to examine the effects of a parental training program using group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in reducing the unplanned health care services utilization and asthmatic symptoms, among children with asthma. Parents of children diagnosed with asthma will either receive one session of pediatric asthma educational talk as usual practice in the study hospital, or in addition, four sessions of group-based ACT integrated with asthma education.
If the group-based ACT is effective in reducing children's asthmatic symptoms and overall unplanned asthma-related health services utilization, it could lead to substantial health benefits in children with asthma and on parents with a reduction in psychological distress. In addition to cutting medical expenses, it could also contribute to the community health through the reduction in mortality and morbidity due to asthmatic attacks. Furthermore, information collected from this proposed study will open up an opportunity for exploring the potential of ACT-based intervention in managing other childhood chronic diseases.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Placebo Comparator | Parents of children with asthma will receive one session of asthma educational talk as the usual care, plus three weekly sessions of telephone calls to assess the child's asthma symptoms |
|
| ACT group | Experimental | Parents of children with asthma will receive four sessions of group-based ACT intervention integrated with asthma education (its content will be the same as that of the Control Group). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | Behavioral | Four sessions of group-based ACT integrated with asthma education. Each session will compose of pediatric asthma education based on guidelines of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Revised 2011, plus group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The goal of ACT is to enhance the psychological flexibility of the parents, enabling them to (1) become aware of their thoughts and feelings regarding their child's asthma and its management, (2) accept and adapt flexibly to challenging situations, and (3) take actions to achieve valued goals in childhood asthma management. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Child's Total Number of Emergency Department Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the 6 Months Post Intervention | Parental report of the total number of emergency department visits due to asthma attacks of a child in either a / public hospital(s) of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or a private hospital(s) over 6 months post intervention | 6 months after the completion of intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Children's Total Number of General Outpatient Clinic Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of general outpatient clinic visits due to asthma attacks of children over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria for parents:
Inclusion Criteria for children:
Exclusion criteria for parents:
Exclusion criteria for children:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yim Wah Mak, PhD | School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hung Hom | Kowloon | Hong Kong | |||
| Ambulatory Care Clinic, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30659063 | Derived | Chong YY, Mak YW, Leung SP, Lam SY, Loke AY. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Parental Management of Childhood Asthma: An RCT. Pediatrics. 2019 Feb;143(2):e20181723. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1723. Epub 2019 Jan 18. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
No significant events in this study occurred after participant enrollment. All the enrolled participants who provided written consent to participate in the study were included in the study.
This study enrolled parents of children aged 3-12 years who had been diagnosed with asthma from 2 pediatric respiratory outpatient clinics, the Ambulatory Care Centre and a nurse-led asthma clinic, in the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine of a public hospital under the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Control Group | Parents of children with asthma will receive one session of asthma educational talk as the usual care, plus three weekly sessions of telephone calls to assess the child's asthma symptoms Control: One session of educational talk about pediatric asthma care, as the usual care. To ensure the equivalency of the assigned sessions between groups, after attending the talk in the first week, the parents in the Control group will receive three telephone calls, starting from the second week on a weekly basis. This arrangement can also minimize the interference of the usual care naturalistically available in the study setting. |
| FG001 | ACT Group | Parents of children with asthma will receive four sessions of group-based ACT intervention integrated with asthma education (its content will be the same as that of the Control Group). ACT: Four sessions of group-based ACT integrated with asthma education. Each session will compose of pediatric asthma education based on guidelines of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Revised 2011, plus group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The goal of ACT is to enhance the psychological flexibility of the parents, enabling them to (1) become aware of their thoughts and feelings regarding their child's asthma and its management, (2) accept and adapt flexibly to challenging situations, and (3) take actions to achieve valued goals in childhood asthma management. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Control Group | Parents of children with asthma will receive one session of asthma educational talk as the usual care, plus three weekly sessions of telephone calls to assess the child's asthma symptoms Control: One session of educational talk about pediatric asthma care, as the usual care. To ensure the equivalency of the assigned sessions between groups, after attending the talk in the first week, the parents in the Control group will receive three telephone calls, starting from the second week on a weekly basis. This arrangement can also minimize the interference of the usual care naturalistically available in the study setting. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Child's Total Number of Emergency Department Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the 6 Months Post Intervention | Parental report of the total number of emergency department visits due to asthma attacks of a child in either a / public hospital(s) of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or a private hospital(s) over 6 months post intervention | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of visits | 6 months after the completion of intervention |
|
6 months
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Control Group | Participants will receive one session of educational talk on childhood asthma management (Intervention as usual). |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Yim Wah Mak | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | (852) 2766-6421 | yw.mak@polyu.edu.hk |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Control | Behavioral | One session of educational talk about pediatric asthma care, as the usual care. To ensure the equivalency of the assigned sessions between groups, after attending the talk in the first week, the parents in the Control group will receive three telephone calls, starting from the second week on a weekly basis. This arrangement can also minimize the interference of the usual care naturalistically available in the study setting. |
|
| Children's Total Number of Private Practitioner's Clinic Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months |
The total number of private practitioner's clinic visits due to asthma attacks of children over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires |
| At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Total Number of Hospital Admissions Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of hospital admissions due to asthma attacks of children in either the public hospitals under the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or the private hospitals over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Number of Days of Hospital Stay Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of days of inpatient hospital stay due to asthma attacks of children in either the public hospitals under the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or the private hospitals over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Asthma Symptoms During Daytime Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child presented with asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) during the daytime over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Asthma Symptoms During Nighttime Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The nights per week that the child was awakened due to asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) during the nighttime over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Days of Activities Affected by Asthma Symptoms Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child has to slow down or discontinue his/her activities due to asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires. | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Children's Reliever Use Due to Asthma Symptoms Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child requires to use an inhaled bronchodilator to relieve asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Psychological Flexibility | The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II was used to assess the psychological flexibility of the parents. The parents rated 7 statements on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true), for example: "My painful experiences and memories make it difficult for me to live a life that I would value." The possible range of the total score is 7-49 (minimum value = 7; maximum value = 49). A higher score means a worse outcome, that is the parent is more psychologically inflexible. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II possessed good internal consistencies (mean Cronbach's alpha (α) = .84, range α = .86 to .88) and test-retest reliabilities over a 3-month interval (test-retest reliability coefficient (r) = .81) and 12-month interval (r = .79), respectively. | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Psychological Adjustment to Their Child's Asthma | The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale was used to capture the psychological adjustment of parents in caring for a child with asthma. The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale contains 25 statements with 3 subscales for assessing the illness-specific psychological distress experienced by parents who have a chronically ill child, including Guilt and Worry, Unresolved Sorrow and Anger, and Long-term Uncertainty, together with 1 subscale on perceived Emotional Resources. The possible range of each of the subscale score is 0-4 (minimum value = 0; maximum value = 4). Higher scores in Guilt and Worry, Unresolved Sorrow and Anger, and Long-term Uncertainty mean worse outcomes. A higher score in Emotional Resources means a better outcome. The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale had adequate internal consistencies (α in each subscale = .72 to .89) and test-retest reliabilities over a 2-week interval (r in each subscale = .83 to .86) | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Psychological Symptoms | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 was used to evaluate the psychological symptoms of parents. This instrument contains 21 statements with 3 subscales assessing the symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress of parents, respectively. The parents rated the degree to which each statement applied to them in the past week on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (does not apply to me at all) to 3 (applies to me very much, or most of the time). The subscale scores for depression, anxiety and stress subscale would be multiplied by two. The possible range for each of the subscale score is 0-42 (minimum value = 0, maximum value = 42). Higher scores mean worse outcomes. The cut-off scores indicating at least a mild level of psychological symptoms of an individual are 9 for depression; 7 for anxiety and 14 for stress, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha for the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales in DASS-21 were 0.82, 0.88 and 0.90, respectively. | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Knowledge in Childhood Asthma Management | The Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge level among parents in pediatric asthma management. This instrument composes of 25 true and false statements to measure parental asthma knowledge, including symptoms, triggers, treatment and prevention (Cronbach's alpha = 0.69). The possible range of total score is 0-25 (minimum value = 0; maximum value = 25). A higher score means a better outcome, that is the parent has better asthma knowledge. | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Asthma Management Self-efficacy | The Parental Asthma Management Self-Efficacy Scale was used to assess the self-efficacy of parents in childhood asthma care. The instrument consists of 13 questions with two subscales in assessing the self-efficacy of parents in preventing and in managing children's asthma attacks. The parents rated the strength of their beliefs in a variety of situations related to childhood asthma management on a 5-point rating scale from 1 (not at sure) to 5 (completely sure). The possible range of each of the subscale score is 1-5 (minimum value = 1, maximum value = 5). A higher score means a better outcome, that is the parent has better self-efficacy. This instrument had satisfactory internal consistency (α of each subscale = .77 to .82) and strong construct validity with the self-efficacy of children in managing asthma (r = 0.36). | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Parents' Quality of Life | The Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life was used to assess the quality of life of the parents in caring for a child with asthma. This instrument is a 13-question, 7-point Likert scale measuring parental psychosocial well-being with 2 subscales, emotional function and activity limitation. The possible range of each of the subscale score is 1-7 (minimum value = 1, maximum value = 7). Higher scores in the subscales mean better outcomes, that is the parent has a better quality of life. This instrument had stable reliabilities within the intervals of four weeks (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.80 to 0.85). | At 6 months after the intervention |
| Hong Kong |
| Hong Kong |
| Pediatric asthma nurse-led clinic, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| BG001 | ACT Group | Parents of children with asthma will receive four sessions of group-based ACT intervention integrated with asthma education (its content will be the same as that of the Control Group). ACT: Four sessions of group-based ACT integrated with asthma education. Each session will compose of pediatric asthma education based on guidelines of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Revised 2011, plus group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The goal of ACT is to enhance the psychological flexibility of the parents, enabling them to (1) become aware of their thoughts and feelings regarding their child's asthma and its management, (2) accept and adapt flexibly to challenging situations, and (3) take actions to achieve valued goals in childhood asthma management. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Educational attainment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Monthly household income (Hong Kong Dollars) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Employment status | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Marital status | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Smoking status | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| History of asthma diagnosis | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's age | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Child's gender | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's age of diagnosis as asthma | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Child's concurrently diagnosed with allergic rhinitis | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's concurrently diagnosed with eczema | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's current use of oral Montelukast as prophylaxis | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's current use of inhaled corticosteroid as prophylaxis, by types | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child use 1 or more course of oral prednisolone use in the previous year due to asthma exacerbations | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's total number of GOPC visits due to asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months | This measure refers to the total number of GOPC (general outpatient clinic) visits due to asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's total number of PP clinic visits due to asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months | This measure refers to the child's total number of PP private practitioners' clinic visits due to asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's total number of emergency care visit(s) due to asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's total number of hospital admission(s) due to asthma exacerbation(s) in the past 6 months | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child's use of alternative therapy in the past 6 months, by types | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | ACT Group | Parents of children with asthma will receive four sessions of group-based ACT intervention integrated with asthma education (its content will be the same as that of the Control Group). ACT: Four sessions of group-based ACT integrated with asthma education. Each session will compose of pediatric asthma education based on guidelines of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Revised 2011, plus group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The goal of ACT is to enhance the psychological flexibility of the parents, enabling them to (1) become aware of their thoughts and feelings regarding their child's asthma and its management, (2) accept and adapt flexibly to challenging situations, and (3) take actions to achieve valued goals in childhood asthma management. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Total Number of General Outpatient Clinic Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of general outpatient clinic visits due to asthma attacks of children over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of visits | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Total Number of Private Practitioner's Clinic Visits Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of private practitioner's clinic visits due to asthma attacks of children over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of visits | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Total Number of Hospital Admissions Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of hospital admissions due to asthma attacks of children in either the public hospitals under the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or the private hospitals over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of hospital admissions | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Number of Days of Hospital Stay Due to Asthma Attacks Over the Past 6 Months | The total number of days of inpatient hospital stay due to asthma attacks of children in either the public hospitals under the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and/or the private hospitals over the past 6 months by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of days of hospital stay | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Asthma Symptoms During Daytime Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child presented with asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) during the daytime over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of days | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Asthma Symptoms During Nighttime Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The nights per week that the child was awakened due to asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) during the nighttime over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of nights | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Days of Activities Affected by Asthma Symptoms Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child has to slow down or discontinue his/her activities due to asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of days | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Children's Reliever Use Due to Asthma Symptoms Per Week Over the Past 4 Weeks | The days per week that the child requires to use an inhaled bronchodilator to relieve asthma symptoms (either chronic coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness) over the past 4 weeks, assessed by parental reports in self-administered questionnaires | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Number of days | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Psychological Flexibility | The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II was used to assess the psychological flexibility of the parents. The parents rated 7 statements on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true), for example: "My painful experiences and memories make it difficult for me to live a life that I would value." The possible range of the total score is 7-49 (minimum value = 7; maximum value = 49). A higher score means a worse outcome, that is the parent is more psychologically inflexible. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II possessed good internal consistencies (mean Cronbach's alpha (α) = .84, range α = .86 to .88) and test-retest reliabilities over a 3-month interval (test-retest reliability coefficient (r) = .81) and 12-month interval (r = .79), respectively. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a scale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Psychological Adjustment to Their Child's Asthma | The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale was used to capture the psychological adjustment of parents in caring for a child with asthma. The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale contains 25 statements with 3 subscales for assessing the illness-specific psychological distress experienced by parents who have a chronically ill child, including Guilt and Worry, Unresolved Sorrow and Anger, and Long-term Uncertainty, together with 1 subscale on perceived Emotional Resources. The possible range of each of the subscale score is 0-4 (minimum value = 0; maximum value = 4). Higher scores in Guilt and Worry, Unresolved Sorrow and Anger, and Long-term Uncertainty mean worse outcomes. A higher score in Emotional Resources means a better outcome. The Parent Experience of Child Illness scale had adequate internal consistencies (α in each subscale = .72 to .89) and test-retest reliabilities over a 2-week interval (r in each subscale = .83 to .86) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a subscale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Psychological Symptoms | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 was used to evaluate the psychological symptoms of parents. This instrument contains 21 statements with 3 subscales assessing the symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress of parents, respectively. The parents rated the degree to which each statement applied to them in the past week on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (does not apply to me at all) to 3 (applies to me very much, or most of the time). The subscale scores for depression, anxiety and stress subscale would be multiplied by two. The possible range for each of the subscale score is 0-42 (minimum value = 0, maximum value = 42). Higher scores mean worse outcomes. The cut-off scores indicating at least a mild level of psychological symptoms of an individual are 9 for depression; 7 for anxiety and 14 for stress, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha for the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales in DASS-21 were 0.82, 0.88 and 0.90, respectively. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a subscale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Knowledge in Childhood Asthma Management | The Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge level among parents in pediatric asthma management. This instrument composes of 25 true and false statements to measure parental asthma knowledge, including symptoms, triggers, treatment and prevention (Cronbach's alpha = 0.69). The possible range of total score is 0-25 (minimum value = 0; maximum value = 25). A higher score means a better outcome, that is the parent has better asthma knowledge. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a scale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Asthma Management Self-efficacy | The Parental Asthma Management Self-Efficacy Scale was used to assess the self-efficacy of parents in childhood asthma care. The instrument consists of 13 questions with two subscales in assessing the self-efficacy of parents in preventing and in managing children's asthma attacks. The parents rated the strength of their beliefs in a variety of situations related to childhood asthma management on a 5-point rating scale from 1 (not at sure) to 5 (completely sure). The possible range of each of the subscale score is 1-5 (minimum value = 1, maximum value = 5). A higher score means a better outcome, that is the parent has better self-efficacy. This instrument had satisfactory internal consistency (α of each subscale = .77 to .82) and strong construct validity with the self-efficacy of children in managing asthma (r = 0.36). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a subscale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parents' Quality of Life | The Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life was used to assess the quality of life of the parents in caring for a child with asthma. This instrument is a 13-question, 7-point Likert scale measuring parental psychosocial well-being with 2 subscales, emotional function and activity limitation. The possible range of each of the subscale score is 1-7 (minimum value = 1, maximum value = 7). Higher scores in the subscales mean better outcomes, that is the parent has a better quality of life. This instrument had stable reliabilities within the intervals of four weeks (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.80 to 0.85). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a subscale | At 6 months after the intervention |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 84 |
| 0 |
| 84 |
| 0 |
| 84 |
| EG001 | ACT Group | Participants will receive four sessions of group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy integrated with the asthma education that provided to the participants of the control group. | 0 | 84 | 0 | 84 | 0 | 84 |
Not provided
Not provided
| Long-term uncertainty |
|
| Perceived emotional resources |
|
| Stress symptoms |
|