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Liquid foams can be formed by trapping pockets of gas in a beverage. The primary objective of this study is to test the individual contribution, and possible interaction, of the liquid volume and gas to liquid volume ratio (i.e. %overrun (%OR, defined as 100 x [gas volume/liquid volume]) of a beverage to its satiating properties.
It is not known how the liquid and gas volumes of a liquid foam contribute to its satiating properties and how and if these factors interact. The best way to assess these parameter combinations and their interactions is to use a special statistical approach named "Response Surface Methodology" (RSM). The current study therefore has a Central Composite Design with 9 foams differing in liquid volume and in ratio of gas to liquid volume (%overrun, which is defined as 100 x gas volume/liquid volume).
Each subject will be appointed to a single parameter combination and receives this parameter combination twice, separated by a one-week wash-out period.
On both test days subjects' self-assessment of feelings of satiety and physical discomfort will be recorded during 4 hours post-consumption of the treatment using Electronic Visual Analogue Scale.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beverage 1 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 37 ml liquid with 73% overrun (total volume 65 ml). |
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| Beverage 2 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 37 ml liquid with 427% overrun (total volume 197 ml). |
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| Beverage 3 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 98 ml liquid with 73% overrun (total volume 169 ml). |
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| Beverage 4 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 98 ml liquid with 427% overrun (total volume 514 ml). |
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| Beverage 5 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 25 ml liquid with 250% overrun (total volume 88 ml). |
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| Beverage 6 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 110 ml liquid with 250% overrun (total volume 385 ml). |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beverage 1 | Dietary Supplement |
| ||
| Beverage 2 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hunger and satiety questions (Area under the time curve of hunger and satiety scores (as rated by the subjects on a Visual Analog Scale) | Area under the time curve of hunger and satiety scores (as rated by the subjects on a Visual Analog Scale) | 245 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leatherhead Food Research | Leatherhead | Surrey | United Kingdom |
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| Beverage 7 | Other | 68 ml beverage consisting of 68 ml liquid with 0% overrun (total volume 68 ml). |
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| Beverage 8 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 68 ml liquid with 500% overrun (total volume 405 ml). |
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| Beverage 9 | Other | Liquid foam consisting of 68 ml liquid with 250% overrun (total volume 236 ml). |
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| Beverage 3 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 4 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 5 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 6 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 7 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 8 | Dietary Supplement |
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| Beverage 9 | Dietary Supplement |
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