The purpose of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the administration of PBF-509 (Adenosine A2a receptor antagonist) as single agent or in combination with PDR001 (programmed cell death 1 receptor antibody (PD-1 Ab)) to NSCLC patients.

A single institution phase I/Ib (dose escalation plus expansion) clinical trial of PBF-509 and combination treatment of PDR001 plus PBF-509 in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0-1 patients with immunotherapy naïve and pretreated, advanced or metastatic NSCLC will be conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of the combination.

The main objectives of the proposed Phase I trial will be:

Phase I Dose Escalation:

• To determine the safety and tolerability of PBF-509 during a phase I dose escalation trial
• Determine the pharmacokinetic profile of PBF-509
• Determine the safety profile of PBF-509

Phase 1 Dose Expansion:

• To further determine safety and tolerability of PBF-509 at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D)

Phase Ib Dose Escalation:

• To determine the dose limiting toxicities (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001
• To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001

Phase Ib Expansion:

• To determine the safety and tolerability of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001, at the RP2D, in both immunotherapy naïve and pretreated advanced NSCLC
• To evaluate the response rate (ORR) of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001, at the RP2D, in both immunotherapy naïve and pretreated advanced NSCLC
• To evaluate the progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001, at the RP2D, in both immunotherapy naïve and pretreated advanced NSCLC
• To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PBF-509 in combination with PDR001

Correlative (Exploratory) Studies:

• To evaluate the biological activity of PBF-509 alone and in combination with PDR001 by assessment of potential pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers in tumor biopsy specimens of patients with advanced NSCLC
• To determine association of pre- or on-treatment expression of other immune checkpoints genes with resistance to single agent PBF-509 and dual immune inhibitory (PDR001+ PBF-509) treatment.
• Determine the pharmacokinetics of PDR001 in combination with PBF-509

The phase I and phase Ib dose escalations will be conducted utilizing the standard 3+3 dose escalation method. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data will be obtained for PBF-509 and PDR001.

The phase Ib dose expansion will consist of 2 independent groups of immunotherapy naïve and pretreated (previous immune checkpoint inhibitors; anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and/or combinations) patients. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data will be obtained for potential biomarker analysis with pre-treatment and on-treatment tumor biopsies.

Number of Patients:

Phase I Dose escalation and safety expansion: 15-18 patients will be treated with single agent PBF-509 in escalation and up to 20 patients may be treated at the RP2D as a safety expansion group.

Phase Ib Dose escalation: 15-24 patients will be treated

The specific number of patients enrolled will vary depending on whether additional patients could be required during the escalation period if dose de-escalation cohorts or intermediate doses are enrolled, or when a dose-escalation cohort is expanded.

Phase Ib Dose Expansion: 20 patients per group will be enrolled for a total of 40 patients. Assuming 10-15% eligibility/screen failures, a maximum 50 patients will be enrolled.

Safety Assessments:

The maximun tolerated dose (MTD) evaluation will be based on the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) Evaluable Population which includes all patients enrolled in the dose-escalation portion of the trial, who receive the protocol-assigned treatment with PDR001 and PBF-509 and complete the safety follow-up through the DLT evaluation period, or experience a DLT during the DLT evaluation period.

The safety evaluation will be based on the treated Population, which includes all patients who receive any dose of investigational product, and will include adverse events (AEs), serious adverse event (SAEs), laboratory evaluations and electrocardiogram (ECG) results.

AEs will be graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) v4.03 and described by system organ class and preferred tem using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Clinically relevant Laboratory abnormalities with toxicity grades according to the NCI CTCAE v4.03 will be derived and summarized.

Efficacy Assessments:

The efficacy analysis will be based on the treated Population which includes all patients who receive any dose of either investigational product. The following efficacy endpoints will be analyzed:

1. Objective Response Rate (ORR) is defined as confirmed complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) based on modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. Disease control rate (DCR) is defined as CR, PR, or stable disease (SD) based on modified RECIST v1.1.
2. Duration of response (DoR) is defined as the duration from the first documentation of Objective response (OR) to the first documented disease progression or death due to any cause, whichever occurs first.
3. Progression-free survival (PFS) will be measured from the start of treatment until the documentation of disease progression or death due to any cause, whichever occurs first.
4. Overall survival (OS) will be determined as the time from the start of treatment with PDR001 and PBF-509 until death due to any cause

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients must have histologic or cytologic diagnosis of advanced/metastatic NSCLC. For those with mixed histology, there must be a predominant histology.
2. Patients must previously have received at least one prior line of therapy for their disease
3. EGFR mutation with exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation (Exon 21) or ALK rearrangement positive must have failed prior TKI therapy
4. Able, willing to give written consent for available archival tumor samples (not mandatory) and tumor biopsies before and during protocol therapy (mandatory).
5. Prior immunotherapy is allowed (previous immune checkpoint inhibitors; anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and/or combinations), except for the patients enrolled to the immunotherapy naïve group of the phase IB dose expansion.
6. Measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded for non-nodal lesions and short axis for nodal lesions) as >20 mm with conventional techniques or as >10 mm with spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or calipers by clinical exam. See Section 13.
7. Written informed consent and any locally-required authorization obtained from the subject prior to performing any protocol-related procedures, including screening evaluations
8. Age > 18 years at time of study entry
9. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0-1
10. Adequate normal organ and marrow function
11. Female patients must either be of non-reproductive potential (ie, post-menopausal by history: ≥60 years old or no menses for 1 year without an alternative medical cause; OR history of complete hysterectomy, OR history of bilateral tubal ligation, OR history of bilateral oophorectomy) or must have a negative serum pregnancy test upon study entry.
12. Women of child-bearing potential, defined as all women physiologically capable of becoming pregnant, must use 2 highly effective methods of contraception while taking study treatment and for 90 days after the last dose of study treatment.
13. Subject is willing and able to comply with the protocol for the duration of the study including undergoing treatment and scheduled visits and examinations including follow up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Symptomatic and/or untreated Brain Metastases
2. Pregnancy or breast feeding
3. Serious uncontrolled medical disorder or active infection that in the investigator's opinion would impair the patient's ability to receive study treatment.
4. Concurrent use of other anticancer approved or investigational agents is not allowed.
5. Active or prior documented autoimmune disease within the past 2 years. NOTE: Patients with vitiligo, Grave's disease, or psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment (within the past 2 years) are not excluded.
6. Prior malignancy in past 2 years or as identified in Section 7.2 of this protocol
7. Patients receiving systemic steroids ≥ 10mg/day of prednisone or the equivalent
8. Smoking (cigarettes, cigars or pipes) must be discontinued at least 7 days prior to initiating study drug administration; smoking cessation products (transdermal nicotine patches or chewing gum may be used)
9. Concurrent administration of strong inhibitors or moderate inducers of CYP1A2 is not permitted; administration must be discontinued at least 7 days prior to initiating study drug administration.