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Laparoscopy training programs with virtual reality simulators are widely used before new surgeons are allowed to operate on patients. Laparoscopic surgery results in shorter time to recover, less surgical trauma and thereby a shorter stay at the hospital compared with open surgery. However, it is more difficult to learn laparoscopic surgery, than open surgery, in part because surgeons have to work in a 3-dimensional space, through a 2-dimensional interface on a screen. This results in loss of depth perception and therefore a higher visual and cognitive load. This trial examines if using 3D vision instead of 2D vision on the laparoscopic virtual reality simulator reduces the time to reach proficiency, by decreasing the cognitive and visual load during practice on a Virtual Reality Simulator.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3D group | Experimental | Will practice under 3D vision conditions on a laparoscopic virtual reality simulator |
|
| 2D group | Active Comparator | Will practice under 2D vision conditions on a laparoscopic virtual reality simulator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D vision | Device | Laparoscopic simulator training to proficiency under 3D conditions |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time (minutes) to reach the predefined proficiency level for the basic skills and the salpingectomy procedure | 1 year |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time (minutes) to reach the predefined proficiency level for the basic skills and salpingectomy procedure under 2D conditions after 3-6 weeks without laparoscopic training during the follow-up period | 1 year |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Workload: NASA TLX questionnaire after the first and fifth attempt on procedural module, | 1 year | |
| Visual and physical discomfort questionnaire after each training session (adverse effect: eye strain, headache, dizziness, nausea, tired and sore neck/back), | 1 year |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Stine Maya Dreier Sørensen, B.M.Sc. | Centre for Clinical Education | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre for Clinical Education | Copenhagen | 2100 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24059674 | Background | Lusch A, Bucur PL, Menhadji AD, Okhunov Z, Liss MA, Perez-Lanzac A, McDougall EM, Landman J. Evaluation of the impact of three-dimensional vision on laparoscopic performance. J Endourol. 2014 Feb;28(2):261-6. doi: 10.1089/end.2013.0344. Epub 2014 Jan 10. | |
| 17992561 | Background | Votanopoulos K, Brunicardi FC, Thornby J, Bellows CF. Impact of three-dimensional vision in laparoscopic training. World J Surg. 2008 Jan;32(1):110-8. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9253-6. |
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| 2D vision |
| Device |
Laparoscopic simulator training to proficiency under 2D conditions |
|
| 25131843 | Background | Smith R, Schwab K, Day A, Rockall T, Ballard K, Bailey M, Jourdan I. Effect of passive polarizing three-dimensional displays on surgical performance for experienced laparoscopic surgeons. Br J Surg. 2014 Oct;101(11):1453-9. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9601. Epub 2014 Aug 18. |
| 25002241 | Background | Alaraimi B, El Bakbak W, Sarker S, Makkiyah S, Al-Marzouq A, Goriparthi R, Bouhelal A, Quan V, Patel B. A randomized prospective study comparing acquisition of laparoscopic skills in three-dimensional (3D) vs. two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopy. World J Surg. 2014 Nov;38(11):2746-52. doi: 10.1007/s00268-014-2674-0. |
| 24651895 | Background | Wilhelm D, Reiser S, Kohn N, Witte M, Leiner U, Muhlbach L, Ruschin D, Reiner W, Feussner H. Comparative evaluation of HD 2D/3D laparoscopic monitors and benchmarking to a theoretically ideal 3D pseudodisplay: even well-experienced laparoscopists perform better with 3D. Surg Endosc. 2014 Aug;28(8):2387-97. doi: 10.1007/s00464-014-3487-9. Epub 2014 Mar 21. |
| 24094658 | Background | Cicione A, Autorino R, Breda A, De Sio M, Damiano R, Fusco F, Greco F, Carvalho-Dias E, Mota P, Nogueira C, Pinho P, Mirone V, Correia-Pinto J, Rassweiler J, Lima E. Three-dimensional vs standard laparoscopy: comparative assessment using a validated program for laparoscopic urologic skills. Urology. 2013 Dec;82(6):1444-50. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.07.047. Epub 2013 Oct 2. |
| 24016365 | Background | Mistry M, Roach VA, Wilson TD. Application of stereoscopic visualization on surgical skill acquisition in novices. J Surg Educ. 2013 Sep-Oct;70(5):563-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.04.006. Epub 2013 May 20. |
| 28302275 | Derived | Sorensen SMD, Konge L, Bjerrum F. 3D vision accelerates laparoscopic proficiency and skills are transferable to 2D conditions: A randomized trial. Am J Surg. 2017 Jul;214(1):63-68. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.001. Epub 2017 Mar 9. |