The purpose of the study is to determine if a medication called phenylephrine, which helps to control blood pressure, is more effective as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion compared to continuous IV norepinephrine in maintaining blood pressure during a spinal anesthetic for a cesarean delivery. Good blood pressure control has been shown to decrease nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. For elective cesarean delivery, all participants will receive spinal anesthesia with a local anesthetic and morphine (provides long term pain control after cesarean delivery). This study plans to enroll 80 pregnant research subjects 18 years and above. Patients will be randomly assigned according to a computer generated system to be in one of two groups.

This study will be a prospective, experimental, observational, randomized open label, active treatment controlled trial.

After written and informed consent are obtained, the study participants are randomly assigned using a computer generated table to 1 of 2 treatment groups prior to cesarean delivery.

Group A will consist of: A continuous phenylephrine infusion 0.1 mcg/kg/min to maintain systolic blood pressure (SBP) within 100-120% of baseline before the spinal.

Group B will consist of: A continuous norepinephrine infusion 0.05 mcg/kg/min to maintain systolic blood pressure (SBP) within 100-120% of baseline before the spinal.

Patients will be admitted to holding area. Baseline arterial blood pressure and heart rate will be measured in supine position, with left uterine displacement. Baseline blood pressure will be calculated by taking the mean of three consecutive SBP measurements taken 5 minutes apart. IV will be placed. Intravenous ondansetron 4 mg and up to 500 mL of Lactated Ringers solution administered prior to induction of spinal anesthesia.

The primary endpoint is the number of provider interventions needed to maintain the SBP within 100-120% of baseline for both groups. The secondary endpoint is nausea measured with each provider intervention after induction of spinal anesthesia, and immediately following delivery with 11 point verbal rating scale (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst possible nausea). Patients will also be instructed to report episodes of nausea at any other time during the study. Emesis will be recorded whenever present during the surgical procedure.

Hypertensive episodes (SBP greater than 120% of baseline) will be treated with cessation of infusion. Infusion will be restarted when SBP has decreased to below the upper limit of the target range (120% of baseline SBP). If the infusion must be stopped on three occasions, it will be discontinued permanently and the blood pressure maintained with phenylephrine boluses only.

Bradycardia (HR less than 50 BPM) will be treated with glycopyrrolate 0.4mg IV or ephedrine 5 mg - 10 mg IV bolus.

Study participants will receive a standard spinal anesthetic consisting of 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine (1.6 mL) plus preservative free morphine (0.2 mg) and fentanyl (20 mcg) at L3-4 or L4-5 interspace (the standard of care for spinal anesthesia at Ruby Memorial Hospital). Prior to surgical incision, the spinal sensory level will be tested to the bilateral T4 dermatomal level which is necessary for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The patients will be positioned supine with a wedge placed under the right hip to avoid aortocaval compression. Both the patient and the clinical research assistant (who will collect data) will not be blinded as to the administered phenylephrine infusion or norepinephrine infusion. The study will end when care is transferred to the labor and delivery room nurse.

Measured variables will include blood pressure (BP), the number and type of provider interventions for control of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO) as measured by a noninvasive CO monitor, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 minutes, nausea and vomiting, and fetal cord blood analysis at delivery.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status classification 1 and 2
• Pregnant women with singleton pregnancy
• Gestational age greater than 36 weeks
• Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

• Use of cardiac medication or medication for blood pressure control
• Cardiovascular disease
• Multiple gestation
• Gestation diabetes requiring insulin
• History of postoperative nausea and vomiting
• Refusal to be in study
• Gastric bypass surgery
• History of chronic opioid use (chronic pain syndrome)
• Emergent caesarean delivery for maternal and/or fetal distress
• Eclampsia
• Progressive neurologic disease
• Infection at insertion site
• Allergy to local anesthetics, narcotics or other study medications.

We conducted a prospective, observational, randomized, open labeled trial on parturient scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia.

38 subjects were enrolled in the phenylephrine group and none excluded. 47 subjects were enrolled in the norepinephrine group; 4 patients excluded (2 patients due to monitoring equipment failure, and 2 patients due to emergency cesarean deliveries).