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Recruitment target could not be met
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Rationale: Body weight is not well regulated in all individuals. In an obesogenic environment, where overeating is common, some individuals are more prone to weight gain and therefore overweight than others. Yet, the reasons behind this are unclear. "Resistant" individuals often have higher physical activity levels (PALs). It seems that - at higher levels of physical activity and therefore energy expenditure - satiety signals are more precisely regulated, making one better at matching energy intake with expenditure. In other words, active people may not overeat where sedentary people would. However, this does not explain the differences in weight gain observed when subjects all have to overeat (imposed overfeeding). It could be that active people are better able to cope metabolically with the extra calories because of already higher levels of carbohydrate and fat oxidation compared to their inactive counterparts.
Objectives: 1/ To study the effects of overfeeding (normal diet composition) on substrate balance and oxidation and more specifically fat balance and oxidation; 2/ to study the effects of exercise and training on fat oxidation during overfeeding (normal diet composition).
Study design: This controlled intervention study will follow a cross-over design. Each subject will spend 5 nights and 4 days in a respiration chamber on two occasions, separated by a 10-week training period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overfeeding + exercise pre/post training | Experimental | overfeeding + exercise pre-training: day1 energy balance; day2 and day3: energy intake equals 1.25 times day 2 and day 3 energy expenditure respectively, no exercise; day4: 3 cycling bouts to expend 0.25 times day3 energy expenditure + energy intake equals 1.25 times day4 energy expenditure - before training period. fitness training: 10-week training period (3 times per week at a gym, 30-45 minutes cardio training and 15-30 minutes strength training). overfeeding + exercise post-training: day1 energy balance; day2 and day3: energy intake equals 1.25 times day 2 and day 3 energy expenditure respectively, no exercise; day4: 3 cycling bouts to expend 0.25 times day3 energy expenditure + energy intake equals 1.25 times day4 energy expenditure - after training period. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| overfeeding + exercise pre-training | Other |
| ||
| fitness training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in 24-hour fat balance with overfeeding after training | Day3 24-hour fat balance (calculated as the difference between metabolisable fat intake and fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber) after training compared to baseline (=before training) | Baseline and 3 months |
| Change in 24-hour fat balance with overfeeding and exercise after training | Day4 24-hour fat balance (calculated as the difference between metabolisable fat intake and fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber) after training compared to baseline (=before training) | Baseline and 3 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in 24-hour fat oxidation with overfeeding and exercise in inactive men | Fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber on day 4 compared to day 3 at baseline | Day 3 and day 4 (baseline stay in respiration chamber) |
| Change in 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation with overfeeding and exercise in inactive men |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Wim Saris, MD, PhD | Maastricht University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maastricht University | Maastricht | Limburg | 6200 | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17300276 | Background | Schokker DF, Visscher TL, Nooyens AC, van Baak MA, Seidell JC. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Netherlands. Obes Rev. 2007 Mar;8(2):101-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00273.x. | |
| 2336074 | Background | Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G, Dussault J, Moorjani S, Pinault S, Fournier G. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 24;322(21):1477-82. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005243222101. |
| Label | URL |
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| Related Info | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Behavioral |
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| overfeeding + exercise post-training | Other |
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Carbohydrate oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber on day 4 compared to day 3 at baseline |
| Day 3 and day 4 (baseline stay in respiration chamber) |
| Change in 24-hour fat balance with overfeeding and exercise in inactive men | Fat balance (calculated as the difference between metabolisable fat intake and fat oxidation) on day 4 compared to day 3 at baseline | Day 3 and day 4 (baseline stay in respiration chamber) |
| Change in 24-hour fat oxidation with overfeeding and exercise in active men | Fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber on day 4 compared to day 3 after the training period | Day 3 and day 4 (stay in respiration chamber at 3 months) |
| Change in 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation with overfeeding and exercise in active men | Carbohydrate oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber on day 4 compared to day 3 after the training period | Day 3 and day 4 (stay in respiration chamber at 3 months) |
| Change in 24-hour fat balance with overfeeding and exercise in active men | Fat balance (calculated as the difference between metabolisable fat intake and fat oxidation) on day 4 compared to day 3 after the training period | Day 3 and day 4 (stay in respiration chamber at 3 months) |
| Change in 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation with overfeeding after training | Day3 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber after training compared to baseline (=before training) | Baseline and 3 months |
| Change in 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation with overfeeding and exercise after training | Day4 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chamber after training compared to baseline (=before training) | Baseline and 3 months |
| Change in fat oxidation after training assessed in energy balance | Baseline and 3 months |
| Change in carbohydrate oxidation after training assessed in energy balance | Baseline and 3 months |
| Energy expenditure with overfeeding in inactive men | Energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry during a 4-day stay in respiration chamber, with overfeeding on days 2 to 4. | 4 days at baseline |
| Energy expenditure with overfeeding in active men | Energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry during a 4-day stay in respiration chamber, with overfeeding on days 2 to 4, after a 10-week fitness training. | 4 days at 3 months |
| Insulin sensitivity | Based on glucose and insulin plasma concentrations from oral glucose tolerance test, where blood is collected in fasted state at t=0, 30, 60, 90 and 120min after a glucose drink is ingested) | Baseline, 2 weeks (pre-training), 3 months (post-training) |
| adipocyte size | Fat biopsy taken these time points | Baseline, 2 weeks (pre-training), 3 months (post-training) |
| Genes involved in lipid metabolism | Using fat biopsies: analysis of genes involved in the lipolytic pathway [ATGL (PNPLA2), HSL (S660/565/563), CGI-58, G0S2, PLIN1, AQP7, GK], in insulin signaling/glucose metabolism [GLUT4, IRS1/IRS2, AKT, pAKT (S473), pIRS1 (S1101)], in fatty acid metabolism [CD36, FABP4 (aP2), FASN, CPT1a/1b, CPT2, ACADL/ACADVL/ACADS/ACADM, ACOX1, OXPHOS (complex I-V), PPAR(α/βδ/γ), PGC1a, PGC1b, SIRT1, AMPK (pAMPK)], and in DAG/ceramide metabolism [DGAT 1/2, GPAT1/GPAM, PLC, SPTLC1 and SPTLC2, CERK, ASAH1 and ASAH2](streamdown:incomplete-link) | Baseline, 2 weeks (pre-training), 3 months (post-training) |
| Change in body composition | Measured using body weight, underwater weighing and deuterium dilution, before and after the fitness training | Baseline and 3 months |
| Change in cardiorespiratory fitness | Cardiorespiratory fitness estimated as the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) assessed using an incremental test on a bicycle ergometer | Baseline, after 6-7 weeks of training and 3 months |
| Change in energy expenditure in free-living conditions | Energy expenditure measured over 14 days using doubly-labeled water and two accelerometers (TracmorD and Actigraph GT3X) | Baseline and 3 months |
| Validity of Actigraph GT3X accelerometer | The Actigraph GT3X accelerometer is worn by each subject twice for 14 days and will be validated against the doubly labeled water technique and compared to the tracmorD accelerometer | Two 14-day periods (baseline and 3 months) |
| 1414963 | Background | Diaz EO, Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA. Metabolic response to experimental overfeeding in lean and overweight healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Oct;56(4):641-55. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/56.4.641. |
| 16039676 | Background | Joosen AM, Bakker AH, Westerterp KR. Metabolic efficiency and energy expenditure during short-term overfeeding. Physiol Behav. 2005 Aug 7;85(5):593-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.006. |
| 11029975 | Background | Lammert O, Grunnet N, Faber P, Bjornsbo KS, Dich J, Larsen LO, Neese RA, Hellerstein MK, Quistorff B. Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men. Br J Nutr. 2000 Aug;84(2):233-45. |
| 9880251 | Background | Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):212-4. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5399.212. |
| 7369169 | Background | Norgan NG, Durnin JV. The effect of 6 weeks of overfeeding on the body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism of young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 May;33(5):978-88. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/33.5.978. |
| 16247507 | Background | Joosen AM, Bakker AH, Zorenc AH, Kersten S, Schrauwen P, Westerterp KR. PPARgamma activity in subcutaneous abdominal fat tissue and fat mass gain during short-term overfeeding. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Feb;30(2):302-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803146. |
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| 8780332 | Background | Jebb SA, Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, Murgatroyd PR, Black AE, Coward WA. Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d continuous whole-body calorimetry. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Sep;64(3):259-66. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.259. |
| 16449343 | Background | Blaak EE, Hul G, Verdich C, Stich V, Martinez A, Petersen M, Feskens EF, Patel K, Oppert JM, Barbe P, Toubro S, Anderson I, Polak J, Astrup A, Macdonald IA, Langin D, Holst C, Sorensen TI, Saris WH. Fat oxidation before and after a high fat load in the obese insulin-resistant state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;91(4):1462-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1598. Epub 2006 Jan 31. |
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| 22556394 | Background | Knudsen SH, Hansen LS, Pedersen M, Dejgaard T, Hansen J, Hall GV, Thomsen C, Solomon TP, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. Changes in insulin sensitivity precede changes in body composition during 14 days of step reduction combined with overfeeding in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jul;113(1):7-15. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2011. Epub 2012 May 3. |
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| Related Info | View source |