Studies suggest that some laboratory tests ordered for hospitalized patients are duplicative or have limited value. This study will evaluate a normative feedback intervention to reduce overuse of laboratory tests for hospitalized patients by internal medicine physicians-in-training.

Past research has shown that 25% of diagnostic testing is duplicative or has limited value. Academic medical centers that employ physicians-in-training may find it particularly challenging to reduce low value testing due to a historical emphasis on extensive workups by trainees. Despite the increased emphasis on cost-consciousness in medical education, there is little existing research evaluating ways to optimize ordering behaviors of physicians-in-training. This study will evaluate a normative feedback intervention for internal medicine physicians-in-training to reduce overuse of routine laboratory tests for hospitalized patients. Physicians-in-training will be cluster-randomized into two arms: (1) those who receive report cards (intervention group), (2) those who will not receive report cards (control group). We will study the use of routine laboratory tests over a pre-intervention period of 1 week and a post-randomization period of 1 week. We will study physician attitudes about the real-time feedback dashboard with qualitative assessments in focus groups after the completion of the intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Any internal medicine physician-in-training scheduled to rotate through general medicine services at HUP during the study period will be included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Physicians-in-training pulled for weekend coverage or sick coverage will be excluded. Medical students will be excluded.