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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R43MH097349-01 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
| Medical University of South Carolina | OTHER |
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The goal of the current trial is to assess the feasibility of a newly developed prototype of a cell phone app called VillageWhere. VillageWhere is designed to improve clinical outcomes of youth with externalizing behavioral problems by improving parental monitoring of youth whereabouts and activities while increasing the delivery of rewards to teens for good behavior. This Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) proposal seeks to develop and conduct initial feasibility testing of the VillageWhere prototype. The primary features of the prototype include location monitoring via smartphones' global positioning system (GPS) functionality as well as facilitating teen self-appraisal of meeting behavioral expectations. Good behavior is rewarded with points that are tracked by the app and can be used to redeem for real-world rewards. The investigators will conduct an 45-day open trial (N=20 caregiver/teen dyads) to assess use, feasibility and acceptability for teens involved in the juvenile justice system or otherwise struggling with externalizing behavioral problems. Caregivers and teens will be assessed at baseline, before receiving the app, and at the end of the app use period (45 days). The therapist of each caregiver/teen dyad will also be assessed at the end of the app use period. Primary outcomes include: use of app features, monitoring of teen behavior and whereabouts, delivery of real-world rewards, and feasibility and acceptability. Secondary outcomes include: parenting behaviors, externalizing teen behaviors and internalizing teen behaviors.
VillageWhere was pilot tested with a sample of 16 youth and their primary caregiver participating in an EST for a serious conduct problem (Mean age 14.6 years, 52% male, 56% African American, 33% were previously arrested). After completing baseline self-report measures, dyads used the app as desired for 4 weeks, then participated in a post-assessment and qualitative interviews. App usage by both parents and youth was high with little diminished use over the four weeks of the trial. All parents set and used reinforcers for functional behavior and used the "find my teen" feature; 84% set geolocation expectations for youth's whereabouts at specific times; and 88% set other expectations for the youth (e.g., finish homework), viewed notifications, and regularly used the "Find My Teen" feature. As expected, parents interacted with the app frequently: 2.4 times per day. Youth used the app on average four times per day. All youth earned and redeemed points for complying with their parent's expectations and routinely viewed their behavior plans (93.3%) and feedback notification messages (86.7%). Parents did not on average use coaching videos (20%).
Although the study was not powered to detect statistical significance, a series of paired t-tests were conducted to examine pre- to post-changes on self-report measures. Changes for parents and youth all were in predicted directions, with effect sizes ranging from small to high (average d = .42, range .21-.80). Parents reported greater use of positive parenting behaviors (i.e., rewards and praise), greater discipline consistency, lower overall perceived stress, a higher feeling of influence over youth behavior, and greater parenting efficacy. Youth reported increases in parent use of positive behaviors, consistency, and knowledge of whereabouts. Parent- and youth-reported change in youth aggression and rule-breaking (as measured by the CBCL/YSR).
Qualitative results were also positive. Using 7-point scales, parents and youth reported on app satisfaction three times/week. Parent ratings were high (M = 6.0) across items (e.g., "The app was helpful today," "I have ways to intervene with my teen"). Youth satisfaction scores were also high (M = 6.1; e.g., "My parent is noticing & rewarding my good behavior;" "I liked getting app prompts & reminders"). Parents reported that the app helped them trust their youth, increase their use of rewards, and made giving rewards easier; they also reported a reduction in youths' "excuse-making." Youth perceived that the app allowed them more freedom, because parents had an objective way of verifying their whereabouts. Nearly all youth (89%) liked that their parent was more consistent in paying attention to their positive behaviors and rewarding them for it (versus only being punitive). Both parents and youth described significant improvements in their relationship.
In addition, 16 therapists working with the parent-youth dyads also gave qualitative feedback that was highly positive. Therapists stated that they liked the extra accountability the app afforded to teens and the reduction in parent-youth communication issues.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Use of VillageWhere App Prototype | Experimental | In this single-arm study design, all enrolled caregivers and teens will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VillageWhere App | Device |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| App Usage - Parent Set up / Modified an App-based Behavior Plan for the Teen | Percent of parents who set up a behavior plan for teen using app features. | up to 45-days |
| App Usage - Set up and Allocated / Earned Points (Rewards) for Positive Teen Behavior | How many parents/caregivers set up a reward system and redeemed at least some points for the teen. | up to 45-days |
| App Usage - Parent Set Geolocation Expectations for the Teen. | Percentage of parent/caregivers who set either required or off-limits locations for their teens. | up to 45-days |
| App Usage - Viewed Notifications Regarding Behavioral Expectations Met/Not Met | The percentage of participants who viewed notifications that the teen was or was not meeting a behavioral expectation. Both parents and teens had this capability. | up to 45 days |
| App Usage - Viewed Parent Coaching Videos | The app included 5 brief video vignettes depicting an effective parenting technique. | up to 45 days |
| App Usage - View Progress Graph (Points Earned Over Time) | Youth/teen points earned over time were depicted on a graph for each day of use. To view the graph, caregivers/parents and youth/teens had to click on an app button. | up to 45 days |
| App Satisfaction Rating - the App Was Helpful Today |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Aggression Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the aggression subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 36; a score of 13 or higher indicates clinically significant aggression, defined as aggression that is higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Linda A. Dimeff, PhD | Evidence-Based Practice Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Cindy M Schaeffer, PhD | University of Maryland, Baltimore | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evidence-Based Practice Institute | Seattle | Washington | 98144 | United States |
Initial App Set Up: Clinicians were solely responsible for assisting families to set up their app; however, many clinicians were uncomfortable with this because they were not "tech savvy". Solution: Phase II will include a self-guided setup tool that will empower users (parents, youth) to complete the set up independently.
We completed a four-week within-subjects pre-post trial to determine the usability, acceptability, and feasibility. MST therapists in Seattle, New York City, Hartford, and Washington, DC referred families to the study. Parents contacted the study team to indicate their interest. Therapists of referred families also were enrolled in the study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Therapists | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| FG001 | Parents/Caregivers | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| FG002 | Youth/Teens | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Therapists | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Demographics collected only for parents and teens who completed the study (parents=16, teens=16) |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | App Usage - Parent Set up / Modified an App-based Behavior Plan for the Teen | Percent of parents who set up a behavior plan for teen using app features. | All parent/caregiver and teen participants analyzed. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45-days |
|
|
Adverse events were informally monitored throughout the 4-week period during which time parents and teens were using the app. Also, most families had their baseline assessment sessions 1-2 weeks prior to the start of app use, and their post-assessment 1-2 weeks after finishing their use of the app. Thus, adverse events were informally monitored for the entire study period, for most families, approximately 8 weeks.
Since the study was non-medical, participants were NOT at risk of a mortality event, i.e., the intervention involved use of a phone app only. Participants were also not at risk for a serious adverse event involving "a life-threatening event, hospitalization, or incapacity/disability." As a social science study, our participants may have had some risk of Other including Not Serious Adverse events, such as embarrassment or discomfort answering psychologically- and behaviorally-oriented questions.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Use of VillageWhere App Prototype | In this single-arm study design, all enrolled caregivers and teens used the VillageWhere App Prototype that was developed for this study. They were requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. Thus, the risk was identical for both parents and teens, since both experienced the app as the only intervention (i.e., there was no comparison group who did not use the app). |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linda Dimeff, PhD | Evidence-Based Practice Institute | 206-455-7934 | grants@ebpi.org |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Sep 12, 2014 | Sep 7, 2017 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002653 | Child Behavior Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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Parent/caregiver was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (completely agree), how helpful was the app to you today?
| up to 45 days |
| App Satisfaction Rating - I Have Ways to Intervene With my Teen. | Parent/caregiver was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (completely agree), the app gives me new ways of intervening with my teen. | up to 45 days |
| App Satisfaction Rating - Overall Satisfaction | Parent/caregiver and teen was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (totally unsatisfied) to 7 (completely satisfied), overall, how satisfied are you with the app today? | up to 45 days |
| App Satisfaction Rating - Parent is Noticing and Rewarding Good Behavior | Three times each week, at random, youth/teens were asked to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), my parent is noticing and rewarding good behavior. All ratings were averaged across full period of app use. | up to 45 days |
| App Satisfaction - I Like Getting Prompts and Reminders | Youth/teens in the study were prompted 3 times/week during period of app usage to rate, on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), "I like getting prompts and reminders from the app." | up to 45 days |
| Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Depression Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the depression subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 26; a score of 8 or higher indicates clinically significant depression, defined as depressive symptoms higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Rule-breaking Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the rule-breaking subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 34; a score of 9 or higher indicates clinically significant rule-breaking, defined as rule-breaking that is higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Loeber Parental Supervision Scale | This measure of extent to which parents supervise and monitor youth whereabouts was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage.This 8-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 16 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more or better parental supervision/monitoring. | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Loeber Positive Parenting Scale | This measure of extent to which parents express warmth and encouragement to youth was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage.This 9-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 18 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more parental positivity. | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Loeber Parental Consistency Scale | This measure of extent to which parents are consistent in their rules, expectations, and discipline techniques with youth was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage. This 5-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 10 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more consistent / better parental discipline follow-through. | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
| Loeber Parental Effectiveness Scale | Degree to which parents feel that their parenting techniques are working in terms of managing teen behavior challenges. This 3-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 8 (maximum score), with high scores indicating better discipline effectiveness (e.g., "I feel like the punishment I give works in curbing youth behavior"). | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Degree to which parents are experiencing stress related to parenting. This 10-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 40 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more stress related to parenting. | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
| Parental Locus of Control Scale | Degree to which parents feel efficacious and confident in managing parenting challenges. This 20-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 40 (maximum score), with high scores indicating that the parent has a higher sense of feeling efficacious in their role as a parent. | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
| Loeber Parental Knowledge Scale | Youth report of how much parents actually know about the youth's whereabouts/activities. This 5-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 15 (maximum score), with high scores indicating that the parent knows more about what teens are actually doing. | over 30 days of app usage |
| Lost to Follow-up |
|
| BG001 | Parents/Caregivers | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| BG002 | Youth/Teens | In this study, all enrolled caregivers and teens will be referred to the study by their participating therapists. All caregiver/teen dyads will use the VillageWhere App Prototype that has been developed for this study. They are requested to use it as often as they would like throughout the duration of the trial. The app is designed to be used several times throughout each day. VillageWhere App |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
Demographics reported only for families that completed the study. |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| Years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Demographics reported only for families that completed the study. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Participants |
|
|
| Primary | App Usage - Set up and Allocated / Earned Points (Rewards) for Positive Teen Behavior | How many parents/caregivers set up a reward system and redeemed at least some points for the teen. | Percent of caregivers who set and allocated points to the teen (teens who had points redeemed). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45-days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Usage - Parent Set Geolocation Expectations for the Teen. | Percentage of parent/caregivers who set either required or off-limits locations for their teens. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45-days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Usage - Viewed Notifications Regarding Behavioral Expectations Met/Not Met | The percentage of participants who viewed notifications that the teen was or was not meeting a behavioral expectation. Both parents and teens had this capability. | All parent/caregiver and teen participants analyzed | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Usage - Viewed Parent Coaching Videos | The app included 5 brief video vignettes depicting an effective parenting technique. | Only the parent/caregiver version of the app had this feature. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Usage - View Progress Graph (Points Earned Over Time) | Youth/teen points earned over time were depicted on a graph for each day of use. To view the graph, caregivers/parents and youth/teens had to click on an app button. | Analyses performed separately for parents and teens. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Satisfaction Rating - the App Was Helpful Today | Parent/caregiver was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (completely agree), how helpful was the app to you today? | Only parent/caregivers were administered this measure. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Satisfaction Rating - I Have Ways to Intervene With my Teen. | Parent/caregiver was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (completely agree), the app gives me new ways of intervening with my teen. | Only parent/caregivers were given this question. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Satisfaction Rating - Overall Satisfaction | Parent/caregiver and teen was prompted randomly 3 times each week to rate on a scale of 1 (totally unsatisfied) to 7 (completely satisfied), overall, how satisfied are you with the app today? | Parent/caregiver and teen participants were analyzed separately on this measure. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Satisfaction Rating - Parent is Noticing and Rewarding Good Behavior | Three times each week, at random, youth/teens were asked to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), my parent is noticing and rewarding good behavior. All ratings were averaged across full period of app use. | Only youth/teens were provided this question. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Primary | App Satisfaction - I Like Getting Prompts and Reminders | Youth/teens in the study were prompted 3 times/week during period of app usage to rate, on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), "I like getting prompts and reminders from the app." | Only teens were provided with this question. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | up to 45 days |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Aggression Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the aggression subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 36; a score of 13 or higher indicates clinically significant aggression, defined as aggression that is higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Depression Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the depression subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 26; a score of 8 or higher indicates clinically significant depression, defined as depressive symptoms higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. Least squares means show amount of difference from pre- to post-testing in paired samples T tests. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment, Rule-breaking Subscale | The Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment is a measure of youth problem behavior and psychiatric symptomatology that has parallel parent (report of teen) and youth (self-report) versions to allow for different perspectives on the problem. The parent version is called the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the youth version is called the Youth Self Report (YSR). Selected subscales from the CBCL and the YSR were administered before and after the 4 weeks of app usage, in this case, the rule-breaking subscale. Higher values indicate worse symptoms. Possible range on this subcale is 0 - 34; a score of 9 or higher indicates clinically significant rule-breaking, defined as rule-breaking that is higher than that of 93% of teens in the United States. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Loeber Parental Supervision Scale | This measure of extent to which parents supervise and monitor youth whereabouts was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage.This 8-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 16 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more or better parental supervision/monitoring. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Loeber Positive Parenting Scale | This measure of extent to which parents express warmth and encouragement to youth was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage.This 9-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 18 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more parental positivity. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Loeber Parental Consistency Scale | This measure of extent to which parents are consistent in their rules, expectations, and discipline techniques with youth was administered to parents/caregivers and to youth/teens before and after the 4 weeks of app usage. This 5-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 10 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more consistent / better parental discipline follow-through. | Parent/caregivers and youth/teens results were analyzed separately. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline and Post assessment (end of 45-day app use period) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Loeber Parental Effectiveness Scale | Degree to which parents feel that their parenting techniques are working in terms of managing teen behavior challenges. This 3-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 8 (maximum score), with high scores indicating better discipline effectiveness (e.g., "I feel like the punishment I give works in curbing youth behavior"). | All parents/caregivers who completed the study. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Degree to which parents are experiencing stress related to parenting. This 10-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 40 (maximum score), with high scores indicating more stress related to parenting. | All parents/caregivers who completed the study. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Parental Locus of Control Scale | Degree to which parents feel efficacious and confident in managing parenting challenges. This 20-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 40 (maximum score), with high scores indicating that the parent has a higher sense of feeling efficacious in their role as a parent. | All parents/caregivers who completed the study. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Change over 30 days of app usage (baseline to post-assessment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Loeber Parental Knowledge Scale | Youth report of how much parents actually know about the youth's whereabouts/activities. This 5-item scale has a scored range of 0 (minimum score) - 15 (maximum score), with high scores indicating that the parent knows more about what teens are actually doing. | Youth/teens who used app only | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | over 30 days of app usage |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 32 |
| 0 |
| 32 |
| 0 |
| 32 |
Not provided
Not provided
| Male |
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
Paired sample T tests were used to measure change over time for teens. |
| Paired samples T test (change over time) |
| Equivalence |
What was the within-group change over time effect size (Cohen's d)? |
Cohen's d for youth report was d = 0.22. |
Paired sample T tests were used to measure change for teens over time. |
| Other |
What was the within-group change over time effect size? |
Cohen's d for teen report on this measure was d = 0.22. |
Paired samples T tests were used to measure change over time for teens. |
| Equivalence |
What was the within-group change over time effect size? (Cohen's d) |
Cohen's d for youth report was d = 0.28. |
Paired sample T tests were used to measure change for teens over time. |
| Equivalence |
What was the within-group change over time effect size? (Cohen's d) |
Cohen's d for youth report was d = 0.21. |
Paired sample T tests were used to measure change over time for teens. |
| Equivalence |
What was the within-group change over time effect size (Cohen's d)? |
Cohen's d for youth report was d = 0.23. |
Paired samples T tests were used to measure within-groups change over time for teens.
| Equivalence |
What was the within-group change over time effect size (Cohen's d)? |
Cohen's d for youth report was d = 0.26. |