A Comparison of Two Biphasic Waveforms and Impact of Oxygen on Myocardial Injury Following Cardioversion
A Comparison of Two Biphasic Waveforms and Impact of Oxygen on Myocardial Injury Following Cardioversion
Background:
Cardiac arrhythmias can be terminated by electrical current applied by an external defibrillator. This treatment, named cardioversion, has been used for decades in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Several kinds of defibrillators exist, though the relative efficacy and safety of these defibrillators is not clear.
During cardioversion, oxygen is being administered, and it has been a long-held belief that oxygen is always beneficial for the patient. This is now being challenged by recent studies suggesting excessive oxygenation to be potentially dangerous for the patients.
Objective:
Experimental design:
Patients will be recruited at the outpatient clinic at the Department of Cardiology, Regional Hospital of Randers, Denmark as a part of the pre-cardioversion check.
Patients will be randomized to cardioversion using one of two defibrillators and randomized to treatment with room air or 100% oxygen.
The cardiac condition will be measured by blood samples before cardioversion, 4 hours after cardioversion and 3 months after cardioversion. Heart rhythm will be measured by ECG before cardioversion, 1 minute-, 30 minutes- and 4 hours after cardioversion.
Background:
Treatment of cardiac arrest includes effective chest compressions, ventilation using high flow oxygen and the delivery of electric shocks (cardioversion). Prompt termination of cardiac arrhythmias and sufficient airway handling including oxygenation are crucial factors for patient outcome. Studies suggest that cardioversion itself may induce myocardial injury; however it is currently unknown whether hyperoxia exacerbate this injury.
Currently, several different biphasic waveforms are in use for cardioversion.The comparative efficacy and safety of these waveforms has not been compared in clinical studies. Commercially available defibrillators use different electrical waveforms that may affect the efficacy of external defibrillation. Although the superiority of biphasic over monophasic waveforms is well established, the relative efficacy and safety of the available biphasic waveforms is not clear.
The long held belief that oxygen (O2) is always beneficial for ill and injured patients is being challenged by recent studies suggesting that excessive oxygenation may result in free-radical mediated tissue damage, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Recent guidelines suggest that O2 should be 'titrated' to achieve an appropriate target saturation of 94-98% rather than being administered in an all-or-nothing fashion, particularly in patients with myocardial ischemia or those following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), British Thoracic Society, National Institute of Health Care Excellence (NICE), European Resuscitation Council and other respected bodies all restrict O2 use to those with hypoxemia, pulmonary oedema or continuing myocardial ischemia, based on expert opinion and pathophysiological reasoning rather than hard evidence.
Studies using patients presenting with shockable life-threatening arrhythmias (e.g. ventricular fibrillation) are difficult to perform for ethical and practical reasons. This study will therefore use patients requiring elective cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias, who are able to give consent and also present a more controlled population. Elective cardioversion is a standard treatment for patients with atrial arrhythmias and is performed as a day case procedure under general anaesthesia.
This study has the following aims:
Methods:
All patients admitted for cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and flutter will be potentially eligible for the study. Patients will be recruited at the Regional Hospital of Randers as a part of the pre-cardioversion check. This is the first contact to patients, and they will receive oral and written information. The oral and written information will be given by a doctor and/or the primary investigator. The information will be given in a quiet setting, and the patients may ask questions about the study. It will be possible for the patient to have a companion present. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants during the pre-cardioversion check or alternatively prior to cardioversion allowing the patient to have a companion present before consent is given. Patients declining to participate in the study will receive treatment according to the standard protocol.
Patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter for ≤48 hours may be cardioverted immediately. Patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter for >48 hours will be required to have a documented weekly international normalized ratio (INR) ≥2.0 (including within 48 hours of cardioversion) or treatment with dabigatranetexilat for three weeks or longer. Alternatively, a transoesophageal echocardiogram documenting absence of intracardiac thrombi is accepted and cardioversion can be performed on treatment with low molecular weight heparin. All patients will be discharged with a recommendation for therapeutic anticoagulation according to current guidelines.
Patient preparation
Patients will be consulted prior to cardioversion; standard blood test will be taken, blood pressure, height and weight will be measured. Information from patient chart (age, gender, morbidity, co-morbidity and medication) will be used to define baseline values. In addition New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA), European Heart Rhythm Association AF-related symptoms (EHRA), American Society of Anaesthesiologists Score (ASA) and Canadian Cardiovascular Society Grading System (CCS) will be recorded during history taking. In addition, information from the patient chart regarding comorbidities, medication etc. will be obtained.
Cardioversion protocol
Blood samples, ECG, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and heart rate will be obtained at baseline and all patients will receive 0.5 mg Rapifen i.v. All patients will be treated with 100 % oxygen or room air, 10-15 L/ minute for 3 minutes before administration of Propofol. All patients will be treated with Propofol 1 mg i.v./kg bodyweight with subsequent 20 mg boluses as needed. Before cardioversion PaO2 will be measured by arterial blood gas (1 mL).
Follow up All patients will be seen at the outpatient clinic after 3 months. Echocardiography will be performed and biomarkers will be measured. Patients will be classified after NYHA, EHRA, ASA and CCS.
Statistics
Regarding waveforms: Assuming the cumulative efficacy, defined as success rate after all delivered shocks, for one of the waveforms is 95%, and for the other waveform ≥80%, a sample size of 75 patients in each group is needed to achieve a power of 80% in rejecting the null hypothesis (that the difference in cumulative efficacy is ≥15%). Continuous variables (number of shocks, delivered energy etc.) are expressed as mean ± SD or median values and compared with Students t-test or equivalent non-parametric test. Categorical variables (e.g. successful cardioversion) are expressed as percentages and compared using the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test (where appropriate). P ≤ 0.05 is considered statistically significant for all comparisons.
Regarding oxygen treatment: It is estimated that 150 patients will be sufficient for the study. After treatment of 60 patients, an interim futility test will be performed. Biomarker data will be analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests as appropriate. P ≤ 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
Ethics
Approval from The Danish Research Ethics Committee and Danish Data Protection Agency has been obtained. The project will be performed in accordance with the Danish Health Act.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: