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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Strengthening Evidence for Programming on Unintended Pregnancy (STEP UP) | UNKNOWN |
| Department for International Development, United Kingdom | OTHER_GOV |
| Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom |
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The uptake of postpartum contraception, postpartum care attendance and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding are low in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although the involvement of men in maternity care has been shown to be a promising strategy for the achievement of other reproductive health goals, little is known about the effect of their participation on these outcomes. This study aims to test whether the involvement of men can improve care-seeking and promote healthy behaviours among postpartum women in Burkina Faso.
There is a paucity of evidence on strategies to increase the uptake of postpartum contraception and attendance at facility-based postpartum care in developing countries, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is also a need to test new solutions to improve adherence to recommended infant feeding practices in these settings. Partner opposition is a major barrier to women's uptake of contraceptive methods in the postpartum period in Burkina Faso, and research has shown the need to sensitise and inform men about a broad range of topics related to reproductive health. However, the effect of involving male partners on women's and newborns' health and wellbeing in low-resource settings is not well known, and there is particularly little evidence for outcomes related to the postpartum period.
The aim of this study is to assess whether male partner involvement in maternity care has the potential to increase care-seeking and promote healthy behaviours among postpartum women in an urban West-African setting. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an intervention to promote the involvement in maternity care of the partners of pregnant women attending primary health care facilities will be conducted in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. The intervention consists of three extra components in addition to standard maternity care: one extra couple counselling session during pregnancy (A), partner participation in a group education session for men (B), and partner participation in the pre-discharge consultation after birth (C). Women in the control group will receive standard maternity care only, in which men do not participate.
A qualitative component will be carried out alongside the RCT, in order to examine the factors that may have determined the success, or lack thereof, of the intervention by reflecting on the experience of participants (women, partners , and health workers), and to explore their attitudes, beliefs and concerns relative to partner involvement in maternity care, through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews.
The policy implications of the study findings will be assessed and, if appropriate, a strategy will be developed for their dissemination among policymakers and other stakeholders.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Experimental |
|
|
| Control | No Intervention |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partner involvement | Behavioral | Partner is involved in maternity care |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Attending the Recommended Number of Postnatal Care Appointments | This was defined as whether women had attended at least two outpatient postnatal care consultations/check-ups in the first six weeks after birth. | Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants Practicing Exclusive Breastfeeding at 3 Months Postpartum | This was defined according to the WHO criteria for exclusive breastfeeding: "the infant has received only breastmilk from his/her mother or a wet nurse, or expressed breastmilk, and no other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines". Although the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months postpartum, 3 months was chosen as the reference period because by that point only 20% of infants are still exclusively breastfed. | Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants Using Effective Modern Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | Effective modern methods were defined as those having a rate of unintended pregnancy per 100 women of 10% or less per year, as commonly used. Based on local availability, these methods were: implants, IUDs, injectables, oral contraceptives, and permanent methods. Each woman was considered a "user" or "non-user" for each method. | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Using Long Acting or Permanent (LA/PM) Methods of Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | This was defined as the number of women using IUDs, implants, female sterilization or male sterilization at 8 months postpartum. | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants Using Any Contraceptive Method at 8 Months Postpartum |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Complete Satisfaction With Care | A tailored satisfaction score was developed to assess participant's satisfaction with routine maternity care received. Questions were adapted from the K4 Health's Respectful Maternity Care toolkit, and from the UK's Care Quality Commission (CQC)'s 2013 Maternity Services Survey. If participants reported having experienced the maximum score for each dimension of satisfaction, they were classed as having complete satisfaction with care. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Marina Daniele, MSc | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District Sanitaire de Dafra | Bobo-Dioulasso | Burkina Faso |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Intervention |
Partner involvement: Partner is involved in maternity care |
| FG001 | Control |
|
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Intervention |
Partner involvement: Partner is involved in maternity care |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Participants Attending the Recommended Number of Postnatal Care Appointments | This was defined as whether women had attended at least two outpatient postnatal care consultations/check-ups in the first six weeks after birth. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
|
Adverse events were monitored/assessed during each phase of data collection (baseline interviews, 3-month postpartum follow-up interviews, and 8-month postpartum follow-up interviews).
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Intervention |
Partner involvement: Partner is involved in maternity care |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr Marina Daniele | King's College London, UK | 020 7836 5454 | marina.daniele@kcl.ac.uk |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001942 | Breast Feeding |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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This was defined as the use of all contraceptive methods, according to self-report at 8 months postpartum. The aim of this measure was to quantify the use of "natural" methods, such as withdrawal, which, based on the literature, may be higher than reported in DHS surveys. |
| Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants Who Initiated Postpartum Contraception in a Timely Fashion | Whether or not users of modern contraception at 8 months postpartum had initiated their method in a timely fashion was assessed. This was a binary outcome with users of effective methods as the denominator. Users were considered to have initiated contraception either in a timely fashion, or not in a timely fashion. Timeliness in this context refers to whether women had been exposed to a significant risk of becoming pregnant prior to initiating their contraceptive method. Specifically, whether or not women using contraception had initiated it in a timely fashion ("timeliness") was defined based on the interaction between four criteria: when they initiated the method (either in the first 6 months postpartum or later); whether they had reported to be exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (yes or no); whether at that point in time they had resumed intercourse (yes or no); and whether at that point their menses had returned (yes or no). | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants With an Unmet Need for Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | Unmet need for contraception is a concept used to describe the situation in which women are at risk of conceiving, yet do not wish to become pregnant. Several definitions of unmet need for contraception have been proposed. The Revised definition of unmet need published by the DHS Program in 2012 was chosen. This definition classifies women as either having an unmet need, or not, based on the interaction of several criteria: whether or not they wanted the index pregnancy; whether or not their periods have returned after giving birth; whether or not they want to become pregnant again, and if so how soon. | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants With High Relationship Adjustment at 8 Months Postpartum | Relationship adjustment, as defined in this study, was a score calculated based on questions related to: woman's self-reported satisfaction with the relationship; her level of communication and agreement with her male partner on issues related to reproductive health; and who in the household made decisions related to reproductive health and any relevant expenditures. The questions used were derived from similar survey measures (Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT)). The median score was chosen as a cut-off point, above which women were considered to have high relationship adjustment, and below which they were considered to have low relationship adjustment. | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
| Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
| Number of Participants in the Intervention Group With High Adherence to the Intervention | High adherence to the intervention was defined as attendance (by the couple or the partner) at at least two out of three intervention components. | Process data collected throughout intervention implementation |
| Control |
|
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Health centre of recruitment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Religion | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Education | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Parity | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
|
|
| Primary | Number of Participants Practicing Exclusive Breastfeeding at 3 Months Postpartum | This was defined according to the WHO criteria for exclusive breastfeeding: "the infant has received only breastmilk from his/her mother or a wet nurse, or expressed breastmilk, and no other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines". Although the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months postpartum, 3 months was chosen as the reference period because by that point only 20% of infants are still exclusively breastfed. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Primary | Number of Participants Using Effective Modern Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | Effective modern methods were defined as those having a rate of unintended pregnancy per 100 women of 10% or less per year, as commonly used. Based on local availability, these methods were: implants, IUDs, injectables, oral contraceptives, and permanent methods. Each woman was considered a "user" or "non-user" for each method. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Using Long Acting or Permanent (LA/PM) Methods of Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | This was defined as the number of women using IUDs, implants, female sterilization or male sterilization at 8 months postpartum. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Using Any Contraceptive Method at 8 Months Postpartum | This was defined as the use of all contraceptive methods, according to self-report at 8 months postpartum. The aim of this measure was to quantify the use of "natural" methods, such as withdrawal, which, based on the literature, may be higher than reported in DHS surveys. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Who Initiated Postpartum Contraception in a Timely Fashion | Whether or not users of modern contraception at 8 months postpartum had initiated their method in a timely fashion was assessed. This was a binary outcome with users of effective methods as the denominator. Users were considered to have initiated contraception either in a timely fashion, or not in a timely fashion. Timeliness in this context refers to whether women had been exposed to a significant risk of becoming pregnant prior to initiating their contraceptive method. Specifically, whether or not women using contraception had initiated it in a timely fashion ("timeliness") was defined based on the interaction between four criteria: when they initiated the method (either in the first 6 months postpartum or later); whether they had reported to be exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (yes or no); whether at that point in time they had resumed intercourse (yes or no); and whether at that point their menses had returned (yes or no). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With an Unmet Need for Contraception at 8 Months Postpartum | Unmet need for contraception is a concept used to describe the situation in which women are at risk of conceiving, yet do not wish to become pregnant. Several definitions of unmet need for contraception have been proposed. The Revised definition of unmet need published by the DHS Program in 2012 was chosen. This definition classifies women as either having an unmet need, or not, based on the interaction of several criteria: whether or not they wanted the index pregnancy; whether or not their periods have returned after giving birth; whether or not they want to become pregnant again, and if so how soon. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With High Relationship Adjustment at 8 Months Postpartum | Relationship adjustment, as defined in this study, was a score calculated based on questions related to: woman's self-reported satisfaction with the relationship; her level of communication and agreement with her male partner on issues related to reproductive health; and who in the household made decisions related to reproductive health and any relevant expenditures. The questions used were derived from similar survey measures (Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT)). The median score was chosen as a cut-off point, above which women were considered to have high relationship adjustment, and below which they were considered to have low relationship adjustment. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 8 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Number of Participants With Complete Satisfaction With Care | A tailored satisfaction score was developed to assess participant's satisfaction with routine maternity care received. Questions were adapted from the K4 Health's Respectful Maternity Care toolkit, and from the UK's Care Quality Commission (CQC)'s 2013 Maternity Services Survey. If participants reported having experienced the maximum score for each dimension of satisfaction, they were classed as having complete satisfaction with care. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Data collected at 3 months postpartum |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Number of Participants in the Intervention Group With High Adherence to the Intervention | High adherence to the intervention was defined as attendance (by the couple or the partner) at at least two out of three intervention components. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Process data collected throughout intervention implementation |
|
|
|
| 2 |
| 583 |
| 0 |
| 583 |
| 0 |
| 583 |
| EG001 | Control |
| 1 | 561 | 0 | 561 | 0 | 561 |
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