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The investigators tested whether a new method which additional lidocaine spray on the tip of endoscope can increase the tolerance of examinee during endoscopy than conventional pharyngeal anesthesia alone.
All the patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were consecutively enrolled and assigned to case group treated with additional 2 puffs of the 10% lidocaine spray on the tip of endoscope before intubation or control group with conventional pharyngeal anesthesia without further treatment. And the investigators compared their baseline characteristics, past history, sedation or not, and frequency of retching and belching were measured during the endoscopy.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case Group | Treated with additional 2 puffs of the 10% lidocaine spray on the tip of endoscope before intubation with conventional pharyngeal anesthesia |
| |
| Control Group | Treated with conventional pharyngeal anesthesia without further treatment. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Group | Drug | Consecutively, all the participants were assigned to case group with additional 2 puffs of the 10% lidocaine spray on the tip of endoscope, same medication which was used for prior pharyngeal anesthesia, or to control group with conventional pharyngeal anesthesia without further treatment. Then we compared the primary outcome measures, such as, frequency of belching and retching of two groups. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of Belching and retching | Belching was defined as release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth and retching was defined as reverse peristaltic movement of the stomach and esophagus without vomiting. | Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, expected average of 1-2 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adverse events | Events suspected as Aspiration pneumonia, methemoglobinemia | Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, expected average of 1-2 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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All the patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Endoscopy Room 2, Digestive Disease Center, Halla General Hospital, Jeju, Korea were enrolled consecutively during Nov. 4 2013 - May 7 2014.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Byung Hyo Cha, M.D. | Digestive Disease Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Cheju Halla General Hospital, Jeju, Korea | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digestive Disease Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Cheju Halla General Hospital | Jeju City | Jeju Special Self-Governing Province | 690-766 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 782997 | Background | Gordon MJ, Mayes GR, Meyer GW. Topical lidocaine in preendoscopic medication. Gastroenterology. 1976 Oct;71(4):564-9. | |
| 11154514 | Background | Isenberg G. Topical anesthesia: to use or not to use--that is the question. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Jan;53(1):130-3. doi: 10.1067/mge.2001.112093. No abstract available. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004884 | Eructation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003953 | Diagnosis-Related Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011445 | Prospective Payment System |
| D012051 | Reimbursement Mechanisms |
| D007349 | Insurance, Health, Reimbursement |
| D005381 | Financing, Organized |
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| 4835444 | Background | Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J. 1974 Jun 22;2(5920):656-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5920.656. |
| 10403727 | Background | Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR, Blum AL, Armstrong D, Galmiche JP, Johnson F, Hongo M, Richter JE, Spechler SJ, Tytgat GN, Wallin L. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut. 1999 Aug;45(2):172-80. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.2.172. |
| 2179038 | Background | Lachter J, Jacobs R, Lavy A, Weisler A, Suissa A, Enat R, Eidelman S. Topical pharyngeal anesthesia for easing endoscopy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 Jan-Feb;36(1):19-21. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(90)70915-7. |
| 8514070 | Background | Leitch DG, Wicks J, el Beshir OA, Ali SA, Chaudhury BK. Topical anesthesia with 50 mg of lidocaine spray facilitates upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993 May-Jun;39(3):384-7. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(93)70110-8. |
| 11154482 | Background | Soma Y, Saito H, Kishibe T, Takahashi T, Tanaka H, Munakata A. Evaluation of topical pharyngeal anesthesia for upper endoscopy including factors associated with patient tolerance. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Jan;53(1):14-8. doi: 10.1067/mge.2001.111773. |
| 1396370 | Background | Hedenbro JL, Ekelund M, Jansson O, Lindblom A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate topical anaesthesia of the pharynx in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy. 1992 Aug;24(6):585-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010550. |
| 11498069 | Background | Karim A, Ahmed S, Siddiqui R, Mattana J. Methemoglobinemia complicating topical lidocaine used during endoscopic procedures. Am J Med. 2001 Aug;111(2):150-3. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00763-x. No abstract available. |
| 11060205 | Background | Gunaratnam NT, Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Gostout CJ, Alexander GL. Methemoglobinemia related to topical benzocaine use: is it time to reconsider the empiric use of topical anesthesia before sedated EGD? Gastrointest Endosc. 2000 Nov;52(5):692-3. doi: 10.1067/mge.2000.110078. No abstract available. |
| 12195332 | Background | Abdallah HY, Shah SA. Methemoglobinemia induced by topical benzocaine: a warning for the endoscopist. Endoscopy. 2002 Sep;34(9):730-4. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-33450. |
| D004467 | Economics |
| D004472 | Health Care Economics and Organizations |