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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Glasgow | OTHER |
| Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Denmark | OTHER |
| Region of Southern Denmark | OTHER |
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The purpose of this study is to establish a cohort of pregnant women with severe mental disorder and to identify biological and psycho-social transmission mechanisms involved in the development of 'risk' and 'resilience' in the offspring. It is assumed that both 'resilient' and 'risk' development in offspring are caused by a complex interaction between multiple biological, psychological and social factors. The project focuses specifically on exploring the impact of physiological stress-sensitivity, attachment, care-giving and the familial and social context for care-giving. Previous studies support these factors as important for the development of these infants, but systematic research using a prospective design is needed to strengthen evidence and elucidate the importance of these factors in more detail. The interaction over time of physiological stress-sensitivity, attachment, care-giving and the familial and social context for care-giving are evaluated in terms of the evolution of very early indicators of developmental risk and resilience in infants with a known highly increased risk for developing a mental disorder.The findings of the study may potentially lead to more specific targets for preventive interventions, which can improve developmental outcome for these infants.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychotic Disorder | Biological and psycho-social risk and resilience factors |
| |
| Bipolar Disorder | Biological and psycho-social risk and resilience factors |
| |
| Depressive Disorder | Biological and psycho-social risk and resilience factors |
| |
| Non-psychiatric Control | Biological and psycho-social risk and resilience factors |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological and psycho-social risk and resilience factors | Other | Naturalistic study, no active intervention or exposure is administered |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Infant attachment as measured by Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth et al. 1978) | Strange Situation Procedure is a structured observation. The infant is videotaped in a playroom during a series of eight structured 3-min episodes involving the baby, the mother, and a female stranger. During the observation the mother leaves and rejoins the infant twice, first leaving the infant with the female stranger, then leaving the infant alone to be rejoined by the stranger. The procedure is designed to be mildly stressful in order to increase the intensity of activation of the infant's attachment behavior. Videotapes are coded for four attachment classifications: secure, avoidant, ambivalent-resistant/dependent and disorganised. | At infant 52 weeks of age |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Infant neurobehavioral outcome as measured by Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale, NNNS, (Lester & Tronick, 2005) | NNNS is a 30-minute, 128-item assessment of neurologic, behavioural, and stress/abstinence signs that evaluates the full range of infant neurobehavior. It has 12 summary scales: habituation, attention, arousal, regulation, number of handling procedures, quality of movement, excitability, lethargy, number of non-optimal reflexes, number of asymmetric reflexes, hypertonicity, and hypotonicity and an additional stress/abstinence scale. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal symptom severity as measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS, Kay et al.1989, The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS, Montgomery and Asberg, 1979. The Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale, BRMRS, Bech et al. 1979. | PANSS, MADRS and BRMRS are rating scales based on a semistructured interview. PANSS 5-factor model assesses the presence or absence of positive, negative, disorganisation, excitement and emotional distress symptoms (van der Gaag et al., 2006). MADRS assesses the presence and severity of 10 core symptoms of depression. BRMRS assesses the presence and severity of 11 core symptoms of hypomania/mania |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Pregnant women referred to maternity services or psychiatric services in Denmark in Region Zealand and Region Southern Denmark, in Scotland from NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Susanne Harder, PhD | Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark | Principal Investigator |
| Andrew Gumley, PhD | University of Glasgow | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of child and adolescent mental health Odense, Research Unit, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark | Odense | 5000 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38330355 | Derived | Stender S, Davidsen KA, Lyons-Ruth K, Harder S. Disinhibited attachment behavior among infants reared at home: Relations to maternal severe mental illness and personality disorder symptoms. Personal Disord. 2024 May;15(3):207-212. doi: 10.1037/per0000653. Epub 2024 Feb 8. | |
| 26654720 | Derived | Harder S, Davidsen K, MacBeth A, Lange T, Minnis H, Andersen MS, Simonsen E, Lundy JM, Nystrom-Hansen M, Trier CH, Rohder K, Gumley A. Wellbeing and resilience: mechanisms of transmission of health and risk in parents with complex mental health problems and their offspring--The WARM Study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Dec 9;15:310. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0692-6. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011618 | Psychotic Disorders |
| D001714 | Bipolar Disorder |
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D000068105 | Bipolar and Related Disorders |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
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| 1-7 days and 4 weeks |
| Infant development as measured by Bayley's scales for infant development 3rd edition (BSID-III-R, Bayley, 2006) | The BSID III-R is a structured observation test assessing cognition, language and motor skills. | 16 and 52 weeks of infant age |
| Infant stress exposure and physiological stress-sensitivity as measured by hair and salivary cortisol | Saliva samples are collected before and 20 and 40 minutes after NNNS (4 weeks), still-face procedure (16 weeks) and Strange Situation Procedure (52 weeks) | 1-7 days (hair only) 4 (Saliva only), 16 and 52 weeks of infant age |
| Infant social-interactive behavior as measured by Coding Interactive Behavior, CIB (Ruth Feldman, 2012) | CIB is a global measure that looks at parent-child and dyadic affective states and interactive styles. Independent behavioral codes are aggregated into eight higher order constructs: The three child constructs are engagement involvement, withdrawal, and compliance; and the two dyadic constructs are dyadic reciprocity and dyadic negative states. | 1-7 days, 4 and 16 weeks |
| at baseline before birth of the child and at 1-7 days, 4, 16 and 52 weeks of infant age. |
| Parental social risk status as measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Study Questionnaires (ACES) (Felitti et al., 1998) (trauma, mothers only), work status and level of education | ACES is a 25-item self report measure that assesses exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood. | at baseline before birth of the infant |
| Maternal stress-exposure and stress-sensitivity measured by hair and saliva cortisol | During pregnancy and at infant 16 and 52 weeks of age |
| Parental attachment assessed by The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI, George, Kaplan & Main, 1987) (mothers only), The Adult Attachment Projective (AAP, George & West, 2012) and Psychosis Attachment Measure (PAM, Berry, Wearden & Barrowclough, 2006) | AAI is a semi-structured interview, consisting of 20 questions and probes, allowing categorisation of an adult individual's state of mind with regard to attachment. (i.e. Secure, Dismissing and Preoccupied, Unresolved and Cannot Classify) The Adult Attachment Projective (AAP, George & West, 2012) consists of eight drawings of attachment situations dealing with illness, solitude, separation, loss, and abuse, along with one neutral scene, A narrative depiction of these drawings is transcribed and coded for attachment representation i.e.. secure, dismissing, preoccupied, or unresolved. PAM, is a self- report questionnaire assessing two dimensions of attachment, anxious and avoidant. | At baseline before birth of the infant |
| Parental caregiving representation as assessed by Prenatal Care-giving Experiences Questionnaire (PCEQ, Brennan, George, & Solomon, 2013) Care-giving Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ, Brennan, George & Solomon, 2013) | PCEQ, and CEQ assesses defensive processing associated with patterns of care-giving representation (George & Solomon, 2008). i.e. flexible integration, deactivation, cognitive disconnection and dimension of care-giving dysregulation as related to infant's secure, avoidant, ambivalent-resistant/dependent and disorganised attachment respectively. | at baseline (PCEQ), 1-7 days, 4,16 and 52 weeks (CEQ) |
| Maternal caregiving behavior as assessed by AMBIANCE (Lyons-Ruth, Bronfmann, & Parson, (1999). Coding Interactive Behavior, CIB (Ruth Feldman, 2012) | The AMBIANCE measure is used to code disrupted caregiver behaviour during videotaped caregiver-infant interactions. The five dimensions of the AMBIANCE coding are: affective communication errors, role/boundary confusion, fearful/disorientation, intrusive/negative, and withdrawing behaviour. CIB is a global measure that looks at parent-child and dyadic affective states and interactive styles. Independent behavioral codes are aggregated into eight higher order constructs: The three adult constructs are sensitivity, intrusiveness, and limit-setting. | 1-7 days, 4 weeks (CIB), 16 and 52 weeks (AMBIANCE) |
| Paternal caregiving behavior as assessed by CIB | CIB is a global measure that looks at parent-child and dyadic affective states and interactive styles. Independent behavioral codes are aggregated into eight higher order constructs: The three adult constructs are sensitivity, intrusiveness, and limit-setting. | 16 weeks |
| Paternal symptom severity as assessed by Brief Symptom Severity (BSI-53,Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983) | BSI-53 is a 53 item self-report inventory. | At baseline before birth of the infant |
| Parental diagnosis as assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID) psychosis module (mothers). Structured Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS, Moran et al 2003) | SAPAS is an eight-item screening interview for personality disorder. | At baseline before birth of the infant |
| Cognitive functioning as assessed by Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST, Reynolds, Kamphaus and Raines, 2012) | RIST is a screening measure of general intelligence | At baseline before birth of the infant |
| Social functioning and support as assessed by Global Assessment of Functioning, GAF(DSM-IV). Significant Other Scale (SOS, Power, Chanpion & Aris) | SOS determines two main areas of social support, emotional support and practical support. | At baseline and 4, 16 and 52 weeks |
| Perceived stress as assessed by The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Questions evaluate experiences of life being unpredictable, uncontrollable and distressing during the previous 30 days, and whether the respondent has been feeling nervous or stressed. | At baseline and at 16 and 52 weeks |
| Parenting Stress Index, 3rd Edition Short Form (PSI/SF) | Questions assess level of stress related to the parental role | At 16 weeks |
| Parental Alliance Measure | Questions assess the parenting aspects of the marital relationship. | At 16 weeks |
| ASQ-SE | Ages And Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional | 52 weeks |
| Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry, Region Sealand, Institute of Clinical Medicin, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen | Roskilde | 4000 | Denmark |
| Institute of Health and Well being, University of Glasgow | Glasgow | United Kingdom |