The purpose of this study is to determine whether seeing a physical therapist first compared with seeing a physician first is more clinically and cost effective in an occupational setting for acute musculoskeletal conditions.

Traditionally, when individuals sustain a musculoskeletal injury and require physical therapy intervention, a referral is obtained from a physician to prescribe therapy. Currently, for non-work related injuries, 48 out of the 50 United States are "direct access physical therapy states" meaning a consumer can be evaluated and treated by a physical therapist directly without physician referral. The number of direct access states is much less for work-related injuries, with only 17 of the 50 United States practice acts permitting direct access, and of these, most insurance companies still require a physician referral for reimbursement. A previous systematic review of the literature on this topic suggests that requiring a referral is associated with more drug prescriptions, more imaging ordered, and higher costs to the patient and health care system with no advantage in health outcomes. However, the cited studies were of low quality (i.e. below Level 1 evidence), so a high quality study with strict experimental controls is still necessary.

This project proposes to conduct a blinded randomized controlled trial to determine if a "direct access physical therapy portal of entry" is more effective than a "physician portal of entry" in decreasing total episode cost and improving outcomes for individuals with a recent onset of musculoskeletal conditions. The project's definition of musculoskeletal pain is any "mechanical" spine or extremity pain from either a work condition (workers compensation) or a non-work related condition. The project investigators plan to recruit potential subjects directly from Temple University employees and supervisors. Subjects who consent to and pass a baseline screening will be randomized to one of two groups: direct access physical therapy management or Employee Health physician management. All PT and physician providers will be "study providers". Subjects randomized to direct access physical therapy will be evaluated and treated by a physical therapist. If the presentation requires further work up, the therapist will refer the patient for imaging or specialty consult. Subjects randomized to the Employee Health physician will receive a similar evaluation ordering relevant work up, and if appropriate, the physician will refer the patient to a physical therapist. Health outcomes for the two groups will be compared with a mixed-model repeated measures analysis at 1 month after enrollment. Total episode cost and medical utilization will be compared at one year after enrollment.

If this direct access "Temple University model" is feasible and effective for managing compensated and non-compensated musculoskeletal conditions, it could serve as a paradigm for other universities to implement across the United States. Furthermore, this study would be the first data set in the literature that studied a physical therapy direct access model for evaluation and treatment of employees with "workers-compensation" conditions in the United States.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Temple University Employees who speak English sufficiently to understand informed consent.
• Has a primary complaint that is potentially of neuro-musculoskeletal origin. This is defined by a primary complaint of pain, numbness, or decreased function due to symptoms within regions of spine, shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand pain, pelvic/SI, hip, knee, or ankle pain, temporomandibular joint pain, or headaches. The complaint could be work related (workers compensation) or non-work related. This definition does not include abrasions, contusions, etc. that result in pain but do not affect the employee's function.
• Age greater than or equal to 18 years old.
• Employee's primary complaint began ≤3 months upon initial study screening. This could include a recent exacerbation (within ≤3 months onset) of a condition with a history of previous episodes. If the patient reports more than one complaint, all complaints will be addressed in the study with intervention that began within the ≤3 month timeframe.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Met with another medical provider for advice for the condition prior to study enrollment (including physical therapist, chiropractor, physician, surgeon, physician-assistant, or nurse, etc.).
• Medical history of surgery for a prior episode of complaint.
• Any major psychiatric disease in their past medical history.
• Red flags cannot be ruled out during the medical screening examination (e.g., cauda equina compression, inflammatory arthritis, malignancy, fracture, serious illness or comorbidity). Any musculoskeletal injuries that can be managed by a physical therapist will not be excluded (radiculopathy, potential ACL tear, peripheral nerve entrapments, etc.)