The purpose of this study is to determine if prazosin is more effective than placebo in decreasing frequency, severity, disability, and other negative effects of headaches related to mild traumatic brain injury in Service Members and Veterans.

Headaches following combat-related post-concussive injury are common, and in some patients can increase in frequency and severity to become very debilitating. Posttraumatic headaches (PTHAs), particularly those following blast-related head injury, can be resistant to standard headache therapies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication prazosin as a prophylactic (preventive) agent in treating combat-related PTHAs. Prazosin is a generic drug originally marketed over 30 years ago as a treatment for high blood pressure. It has subsequently been found to be safe and effective for treating other problems, including most recently posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disrupted sleep in active duty Iraq/Afghanistan Service Members and Veterans. In preliminary studies, prazosin has also been found to substantially reduce the intensity and frequency of PTHAs in this population. This finding is the motivation behind this study.

The investigators' hypotheses are (1) that prazosin will be more effective than placebo in easing the effects of chronic PTHAs, including headache frequency, duration, severity, use of abortive/analgesic medications, and disability caused, and (2) that improvement in headache parameters will be associated with improvement in sleep quality, PTSD symptom severity, mood, cognition, health-related quality of life, and global clinical status, and with moderation of alcohol consumption.

The total trial length is 22 - 24 weeks. Following an initial clinic visit to determine preliminary study eligibility, there will be a 4-week pre-treatment preliminary screening period, during which participants will keep a daily headache diary. The purpose of this is to confirm eligibility for randomization per inclusion/exclusion criteria and to collect baseline data for headache-related outcome measures. Participants confirmed to be eligible to continue in the study will then have a one-week sleep evaluation including actigraphy and keeping a daily sleep diary. This will be followed by a baseline study visit, during which baseline data for secondary outcome measures will be collected using validated structured self-reports and clinician interviews. Participants will be randomized 2:1 to prazosin or placebo, and the study drug dose will be gradually titrated over a 5 to 7-week period to 5 mg in the morning and 20 mg in the evening or the maximum tolerated dose. The dose titration will be followed by 12 weeks at steady-dose. For the last week of the steady-dose phase, participants will repeat the sleep evaluation. Participants will keep a headache log through the duration of the study. Results will be analyzed using standard statistical techniques.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Veterans or active duty service members aged 18 or older of either gender

• Good general health

• History of blast and/or impact head/neck trauma meeting DVBIC criteria for mild TBI, i.e., injury as manifested by at least one of the following:

  • 1) any period of loss of consciousness
  • 2) any loss of memory for events immediately before or after the accident
  • 3) any alteration in mental status at the time of the accident (e.g., feeling dazed, disoriented, or confused)
  • 4) focal neurological deficit(s) that may or may not be transient, with severity of injury not exceeding loss of consciousness 30 minutes, Glasgow Coma Scale <13-15 after 30 minutes, or posttraumatic amnesia >24 hrs,

• Headaches that started within 3 months of a head/neck injury or pre-existing headaches that markedly worsened (by a two-fold or greater increase in frequency and/or severity) within 3 months of a head/neck injury. Headaches must either 1) last 4 or more hours a day and reach a moderate to severe intensity at any point during the headache or 2) may be of any severity or duration if the participant uses a medication or other agent in an effort to stop the headache. Headaches meeting these criteria must have been present on average at least 8 days per 4-week period over the 3 months preceding study enrollment.

• Comorbid PTSD or other anxiety disorder is not exclusionary.

• Fluency in English is required.

• Persons of all races and ethnicities are eligible.

• Female participants must agree to abstain from sexual relations that could result in pregnancy or use a reliable form of birth control during the study.

• Continued use of prophylactic migraine medication other than the study drug is permissible if the participant has been on a stable dose for at least 4 weeks prior to the preliminary screening period and intends to continue the medication for the duration of the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participation in other interventional research.
• History of TBI more severe than that classified as mild by DVBIC criteria
• A primary non migraine and/or tension-type headache disorder that accounts for the majority of current symptoms
• History of penetrating head injury
• Headaches of any kind of moderate or severe intensity on an average of more than 4 days per month preceding the concussive trauma
• Acute or unstable chronic medical illness (e.g., unstable angina, myocardial infarction within 6 months, congestive heart failure, symptomatic or concerning cardiac arrhythmias; pre-existing hypotension (systolic BP<110) or orthostatic hypotension (systolic drop >20 mm mercury (Hg) after 2 min standing accompanied by lightheadedness). Also exclusionary are chronic renal or hepatic failure, Meniere's disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, diagnosed but untreated sleep apnea, history of epilepsy, stroke, dementia, active psychosis or psychotic disorder, severe depression, severe psychiatric instability or severe situational life crises, including evidence of being actively suicidal or homicidal, dementia, delirium within the prior 3 months. Other conditions will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
• Current substance use disorder per DSM-V criteria except caffeine- or tobacco-related disorders.
• Structural brain abnormalities on any prior imaging with associated clinically evident manifestations.
• Current participation in transcranial magnetic stimulation studies.
• Unable to reliably keep the headache log on a minimum of 80% of recordable days
• Women of childbearing potential must not be pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study period, or nursing.
• Participation in a headache support group or other activity such as meditation or yoga intended to mitigate headache or other chronic pain must be stable for at least 4 weeks prior to beginning the preliminary screening period and should be intended to be continued for the duration of the trial. Participants will be encouraged to defer enrolling in such activities until they have completed the treatment trial.

Medication Exclusions:

Please note that the following two exclusions related to prazosin use had been changed in the study protocol as of September 2021 but were inadvertently not updated on the ClinicalTrials.gov website. The previous exclusion related to prazosin use prior to study enrollment was for a dose up to 2 mg. The change allows a dose up to 4 mg. This change, made based on clinical experience for the purpose of facilitating recruitment, did not adversely affect patient safety or data integrity.

• Past use of prazosin at a dose >4 mg is exclusionary.
• Current use of prazosin at a dose of 4 mg or less is not excluded, however requires a 2-week wash-out period prior to beginning the baseline headache log-keeping period.
• Current use of an alpha-1 antagonist for any purpose is exclusionary unless discontinued for at least 2 weeks prior to study entry and for the duration of a participant's study enrollment.
• Allergy or previous adverse reaction to prazosin or other alpha-1 antagonist
• Subjects must be on a stable dose of the following medications/treatments for at least 4 weeks prior to the preliminary screening period, and must intend to continue the medication for the duration of the trial: psychoactive drugs, for example anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, sedative/hypnotics; antihypertensive medications, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers; magnesium prescribed specifically for headache.
• Potential participants who have been taking trazodone will undergo a 2-week washout period before beginning the preliminary screening period. Because combining prazosin and trazodone may increase risk of priapism, trazodone is not allowed during the study.
• Sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and avanafil (Stendra) will not be permitted during the dose titration period, because of increased risk of hypotension in combination with alpha-1 blockers, but will be allowed at half the usual starting dose following the study drug dose titration period, per VA prescribing guidelines.
• Use of butalbital within 4 weeks of beginning the preliminary screening period through the end of study involvement.
• Use of supplements containing nitrates and supplements containing stimulants (such as ephedra) within 2 weeks of beginning the preliminary screening period through the end of study involvement.
• Use of prescribed stimulants (such as amphetamine or dextroamphetamine containing medications) within 2 weeks of beginning the preliminary screening period through the end of study involvement.