Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Multilevel model of therapy type (1=CBT, 2=PCT), gender, and time on DAR scores, using data from baseline, 12 sessions, post-treatment, 3-month and 6-month follow up.

Estimation parameter is interaction of session by therapy, or estimate of difference in mean between CBT and PCT per time point. Positive value is less decrease over time in CBT arm (greater decrease in anger over time in PCT).

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment. The reference condition is the present centered therapy arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

This is the comparison of change in means for cognitive-behavioral vs. present-centered therapy from baseline to post-treatment for the Extent of Participation scale.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Estimation parameter is interaction of session by therapy, or estimate of difference in mean between CBT and PCT per time point. Positive value is less decrease over time in CBT arm (greater decrease in anger over time in PCT).

The estimation parameter of 0.28 indicates that at each of the 16 time points, participants in the CBT arm had 0.28 point less of a decrease in disability than those in PCT arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment. The reference condition is the present centered therapy arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment. The reference condition is the present centered therapy arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment. The reference condition is the present centered therapy arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Multilevel model of therapy type (1=CBT, 2=PCT), gender, and time on PCL Total scores, using data from baseline, 12 sessions, post-treatment, 3-month and 6-month follow up.

Estimation parameter is interaction of session by therapy, or estimate of difference in mean between CBT and PCT per time point. Positive value is less decrease over time in CBT arm (greater decrease in PTSD in PCT).

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment. The reference condition is the present centered therapy arm.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Combat Veterans with PTSD (CBT-A) is a 12-week manualized group treatment protocol that is grounded in up-to-date research, and that specifically addresses the Energy and Drive Functions, Attention Functions, Emotion Functions, and Thought Functions that are hypothesized to underlie the limitations to Activities and Participation associated with PTSD-related anger and aggression. Each session lasts 90 minutes. The first session orients participants to the structure and philosophy of the program, provides a historical overview of PTSD, and introduces the concept of the "survival mode" of functioning (Chemtob et al., 1997). The remaining 11 sessions follow a standard format: 1) practice relaxation training (15-20 minutes); 2) review homework, introduce new material, and engage in group activities focused on implementing new skills and behaviors (70-80 minutes); and 3) review problems or concerns of group members.

Present Centered Therapy (PCT) is an active, manualized treatment comparison condition for psychotherapy trials. PCT is designed to control for nonspecific factors of therapy such as contact with a trained therapist, rationale for treatment, and instillation of expectancy for therapeutic gains. The therapeutic approach was drawn from Yalom's group therapy model, which utilizes interpersonal process, supportive techniques, identification of response options, encouragement of adaptive reactions, and focus on the "here-and-now". Previous large-scale randomized clinical trials of Veterans with PTSD have found reduced PTSD symptoms in the PCT comparison condition (Schnurr et al., 2003), and similar present-focused approaches are routinely employed by VA mental health providers (Rosen et al., 2004). Consistent with recommendations in the PCT manual, training will emphasize the approach rather than specific interventions.

Baseline to post-treatment.