The investigators will evaluate effects of a novel drug that improves nicotinergic receptor function vs. placebo on short-term smoking abstinence in smokers with schizophrenia who have a high interest in quitting. The investigators predict that the novel drug will increase days of abstinence, compared with placebo, identifying potential evidence of efficacy for smoking cessation in smokers with schizophrenia.

The investigators will also assess if this new drug decreases nicotine withdrawal, craving, and cognitive impairment during early abstinence, as well as evaluate adverse effects.

Objective:

This is a Proof of Concept study planned over nearly 2 years to determine the potential efficacy of a novel drug for smokers with schizophrenia.

This study will assess 60 smokers with a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with high quit interest on their ability to quit during a week-long attempt to abstain while receiving a novel drug vs. placebo, using a within-subjects cross-over design.

Research Plan:

Active drug or placebo will be provided to participants in double-blind fashion.

Study participation will last 6 weeks after subjects enter the study following the screening and physical exam sessions (about 8 weeks total). Participants will engage in two identical study phases, each involving visits over 3 weeks and varying only in whether active drug or placebo is administered. The 3 weeks will involve: baseline visits, dose run-up (week 2), and week 3 (for abstinence assessments). The first week of each period will be a baseline week in which they smoke normally without any medication. During week 2, subjects will begin the dose run-up of active drug or placebo, increasing over 4 days from 1 tablet of 50 mg once daily to 100 mg b.i.d. (two 50 mg tablets twice/day), which will continue through the second and third weeks. Active drug or placebo will be administered in counter-balanced order in a cross-over design. During week 3, subjects will be instructed to try to abstain on each day, i.e. Mon-Friday. Most visits will last 60 mins and involve psychiatric assessments (including psychopathology and neurological and other side effects) ratings, providing an expired breath carbon monoxide (CO) measure that assesses smoking exposure in the past 24 hrs, as well as completing brief self-report measures of craving, withdrawal, and mood. On week 3 of each phase, one visit will involve cognitive testing. On Fri of week 3, subjects will discontinue all medication and resume ad lib smoking prior to the next study period, involving the same 3-week procedure (but with the other medication condition): baseline, dose run-up, full dose administration plus abstinence assessment. Note that active medication will be taken during only one period, with placebo taken during the other period. Pill counts will be used to measure adherence.

Primary and secondary dependent measures are described separately in this report.

Psychopathology will be assessed using standard rating scales to evaluate psychoses and general psychopathology and severity of illness ratings, and suicide rating scales. These and clinical impressions of patients in the study will assist in monitoring for stability or worsening of psychoses or suicidal behavior and/or the need to exit patients from the study.

Laboratory and EKG monitoring at the beginning and end of the study will also be part of the subject safety procedures.

Patients will be offered their choice of one of the FDA approved smoking cessation agents, i.e. nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline for a 3-month period upon completion of the study. If patients decline open-label smoking cessation participation, they will be requested to come in for one post-study visit, 14 ± 4 days later. At the first post-study visit, if there are no adverse events, their participation will end.

Methods:

The novel drug or placebo will be administered double-blind in counter-balanced order in a cross-over design. This is not a clinical trial that assesses long term smoking cessation but a within-subjects comparison of the short-term effects of this drug on abstinence and abstinence symptoms over a week-long period, relative to placebo.

Significance:

This study addresses an important question of whether the novel drug shows potential efficacy for smoking cessation, relative to placebo, in smokers with schizophrenia. This procedure could have enormous implications for accelerating the development of this medication and similar compounds to help people quit smoking by increasing the efficiency of early medication evaluation.

Inclusion Criteria: List the specific criteria for inclusion of potential subjects.

• Men or women of any race, ages 18 to 65 years, (≥18 years, ≤ 66 years)
• Willing to provide written informed consent
• MINI (Sheehan et al 1998, 2008) chart and/or clinician consensus affirmed DSM IV TR or (DSM -V) diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
• Patients whose PANSS total scores have been stable for ≥ 4 weeks (clinician and/or subject affirmed) and at ≤ 70
• No recent ( ≤ 3months) hospitalization, aggression, or suicidal attempts
• Stable doses of antipsychotic medication, ≥ 4 weeks

Smoking Inclusion Criteria:

• Smoke ≥ 5 cigarettes/day
• Smoking cigarettes ≥ 1 year

Exclusion Criteria:

Smoking/Nicotine Exclusions:

• Use of smokeless tobacco or snuff or chewing tobacco
• Use of e-cigarettes, or any non-tobacco nicotine products (e.g. nicotine gum, lozenges, patch, etc.)
• Current enrollment or plans to enroll in another smoking cessation program. (Bupropion use for depression will be assessed on a case by case basis)

Alcohol/Illicit Substance Exclusion Criteria:

• Recent alcohol or substance dependence (≤ 3 months)
• Current alcohol consumption that exceeds 15 standard drinks/week or greater than 2 standard drinks daily

Medical Exclusion Criteria:

• Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or lactating; all female participants shall undergo a pregnancy test at screening and will be excluded if positive.
• Serious or unstable medical disorder within the past 3 months (assessed by the investigators)
• Epilepsy
• Current diagnosis (within last 6-months) of abnormal cardiac rhythms; unstable cardiovascular disease e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction in the last 6 months
• Evidence impaired liver function test (LFT) defined as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) (AST) or serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (ALT) or alkaline phosphatase greater than 1x the upper limit of normal, or bilirubin 1x the upper limit of normal
• Evidence of kidney failure defined as: Serum creatinine > 1.8 mg/dl for males and 1.6 mg/dl for females.
• Any subject with a history of hematological cancers examples: leukemia, lymphoma etc. will be excluded.
• Any clinically significant hematological laboratory abnormality (chronic low-grade laboratory values just above or below the reference range that are without clinical significance will be permitted) will be grounds for exclusion.

Medication Exclusion Criteria:

• Current use or recent discontinuation (within last 14-days) of the following medications: any form of smoking cessation medication (Bupropion except when used for Depressive Disorders on a case by case basis, Varenicline, NRT); and (b) opiate-containing medications for chronic pain. Potent CYP 3A4 inhibitors will be reviewed for exclusion, see below.
• In view of novel drug being a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, any subjects receiving the following narrow therapeutic index CYP3A4 substrates will be excluded: Alfentanil, astemizole, cisapride, cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, tacrolimus, terfenadine.
• In view of the impact of clozapine on smoking cessation, patients receiving clozapine will be excluded.
• Stable medical conditions examples: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia etc that are treated and ongoing and patients are not receiving the exclusionary drugs noted above will be considered for inclusion on a case by case basis.

6 weeks

Cross-Over study, all subjects received both JNJ and Placebo. Tables below reflect whether the event occurred during the receipt of JNJ or during the receipt of placebo.

62 subjects were randomized, of whom 7 did not complete the study. Of those 7, 3 were exposed to both JNJ and Placebo, 1 was exposed to the JNJ condition only, 2 were exposed to the placebo condition only and 1 was not exposed to either condition. Thus 60 subjects were exposed to JNJ and 61 subjects were exposed to placebo.