This project will develop and evaluate the initial effectiveness of an intervention training executive functioning, metacognition, and self-regulation in preschoolers attending certain high poverty Cincinnati preschools. Studies show that these skills are critical for school performance, and that children with better executive functioning have better long term outcomes. It is also important to intervene early when children are most likely to profit because their brains are rapidly developing. There are some promising programs targeting these skills in preschoolers, but few are available to teachers for implementation in the classroom setting. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to adapt a promising clinic-based program for the preschool classroom environment, and 2) to test the feasibility and initial impact of the adapted program on executive functioning and school readiness in schools with a high proportion of children from low income families.

We propose to translate a promising intervention, Executive-function Training for Attention and Metacognition (ETAM), originally developed for use in a clinic setting, to be delivered in the school setting, ultimately by teachers. Specifically, we propose to develop a curriculum that can be added to the classroom curriculum which will target the development of self-regulation and metacognition in preschoolers. Thus the purpose of the study is to 1) develop a teacher training program based on the principles we have found to be effective in a parent-based intervention and 2) test the feasibility and initial efficacy (i.e., reduced disruptive behaviors and increased school readiness) of the program in children from low income families. We will randomly assign 6 preschools to receive the teacher training component and 6 schools to serve as a control group (i.e., will not receive the intervention). We will conduct assessments on all preschoolers in the classroom prior to delivering the teacher training (i.e., beginning of the school year), provide the training to preschoolers in classrooms randomized to the active intervention group, and then conduct assessments at the end of the school year. Our primary aims are to assess the feasibility of a program designed to train teachers to incorporate the principles of the training program into the daily classroom environment, and to assess whether the program improves executive functioning and functional outcomes [i.e., Attention/Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, academic readiness, social competence], as compared to outcomes of children in the control schools. Although study personnel will be responsible for delivery of the intervention, preschool teachers will be closely involved in the process to provide ongoing feedback regarding the study intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

All children in preschool classrooms in selected schools.

Exclusion Criteria:

None