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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH | INDUSTRY |
| Baycrest | OTHER |
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Aim of the study is to perform a pilot study to assess the impact of Botulinum toxin on muscle tone, and caregiver burden in individuals who are cognitively impaired and who are fully dependent.
The primary objective is to confirm proof of principle that paratonic rigidity and the consequences associated with it can be reduced with injection of Botulinum toxin injections resulting in reduced care-giver burden.
The secondary objectives are to determine optimal time points for evaluation of efficacy in this patient population and whether the time period is sufficient for washout of Botulinum toxin effect; determine most salient and sensitive outcome measures; identify obstacles in data gathering; and lastly, to determine feasibility of battery of assessments in this pilot study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saline | Placebo Comparator | Saline injection up to 5 cc in arm with paratonia (one time injection) |
|
| Botulinum Toxin | Active Comparator | Up to 300 U (5 cc) of Botulinum toxin diluted 2:1 (2 cc per 100 U of Botulinum toxin) (one time injection) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botulinum Toxin | Drug |
|
| |
| Saline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Impact on care-giver burden | Impact on caregiver burden in providing upper extremity care. Measured by the Carer Burden Scale which includes four items (cleaning the palm, cutting the fingernails, dressing, cleaning under the armpit). Each item rated on five point Likert scale ("no difficulty" to "cannot do task"). | 6 weeks for primary outcome, 32 weeks for entire study |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analogue Scale | Completed by the professional caregiver that is caring for the patient to assess perception of ease of caregiving. Consists of 100 mm line with anchors of 0 "giving care to the residents is very difficult" and 100 "giving care to the residents is very easy" | 6 weeks for secondary outcome, 32 weeks for entire study |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Galit Kleiner-Fisman, MD | University of Toronto, Baycrest | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assistive Technology Clinic at Baycrest | Toronto | Ontario | M6A 2E1 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8131123 | Background | Canadian study of health and aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. CMAJ. 1994 Mar 15;150(6):899-913. | |
| 12133659 | Background | Matthews FE, Dening T; UK Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Prevalence of dementia in institutional care. Lancet. 2002 Jul 20;360(9328):225-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09461-8. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003704 | Dementia |
| D009127 | Muscle Rigidity |
| D000084802 | Caregiver Burden |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
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Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001905 | Botulinum Toxins |
| C545476 | incobotulinumtoxinA |
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008666 | Metalloendopeptidases |
| D010450 | Endopeptidases |
| D010447 | Peptide Hydrolases |
| D006867 | Hydrolases |
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| Drug |
|
| Joint angle measurement |
Joint angle measurements were used reflecting range of motion. Used as a surrogate measure for severity of paratonia |
| 6 weeks for secondary outcome, 32 weeks for entire study |
| Pain | Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale used to evaluate correlates of pain and determine whether Botulinum toxin treatment reduces discomfort of morning care. Consists of 5 items (breathing, negative vocalization, facial expression, body language and consolability), scored on a 0-2 point scale and then summed to arrive at a total scale. | 6 weeks for secondary outcome, 32 weeks for entire study |
| Global Assessment | Overall response to treatment evaluated by study investigator and by professional caregiver caring for patient using the global assessment scale. A score of -4 indicates very marked worsening, 0 no change, and +4 very marked improvement. | 6 weeks for secondary outcome, 32 weeks for entire study |
| 11382092 | Background | Fox PJ, Kohatsu N, Max W, Arnsberger P. Estimating the costs of caring for people with Alzheimer disease in California: 2000-2040. J Public Health Policy. 2001;22(1):88-97. |
| 18177542 | Background | Hobbelen JS, Koopmans RT, Verhey FR, Habraken KM, de Bie RA. Diagnosing paratonia in the demented elderly: reliability and validity of the Paratonia Assessment Instrument (PAI). Int Psychogeriatr. 2008 Aug;20(4):840-52. doi: 10.1017/S1041610207006424. Epub 2008 Jan 7. |
| 8215960 | Background | Franssen EH, Kluger A, Torossian CL, Reisberg B. The neurologic syndrome of severe Alzheimer's disease. Relationship to functional decline. Arch Neurol. 1993 Oct;50(10):1029-39. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540100024010. |
| 18093298 | Background | Hobbelen JS, Verhey FR, Bor JH, de Bie RA, Koopmans RT. Passive movement therapy in patients with moderate to severe paratonia; study protocol of a randomised clinical trial (ISRCTN43069940). BMC Geriatr. 2007 Dec 19;7:30. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-30. |
| 9322130 | Background | Souren LE, Franssen EH, Reisberg B. Neuromotor changes in Alzheimer's disease: implications for patient care. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1997 Jul;10(3):93-8. doi: 10.1177/089198879701000301. |
| 785600 | Background | Kao I, Drachman DB, Price DL. Botulinum toxin: mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science. 1976 Sep 24;193(4259):1256-8. doi: 10.1126/science.785600. |
| 12167681 | Background | Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E, Kassicieh VD, Marciniak C, Do M, Lee CH, Jenkins S, Turkel C; Botox Post-Stroke Spasticity Study Group. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):395-400. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011892. |
| 18452724 | Background | Elovic EP, Brashear A, Kaelin D, Liu J, Millis SR, Barron R, Turkel C. Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 May;89(5):799-806. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.01.007. |
| 17613573 | Background | Giovannelli M, Borriello G, Castri P, Prosperini L, Pozzilli C. Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil. 2007 Apr;21(4):331-7. doi: 10.1177/0269215507072772. |
| 18977811 | Background | Simpson DM, Gracies JM, Yablon SA, Barbano R, Brashear A; BoNT/TZD Study Team. Botulinum neurotoxin versus tizanidine in upper limb spasticity: a placebo-controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;80(4):380-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.159657. Epub 2008 Oct 31. |
| 10798473 | Background | Wells DL, Dawson P, Sidani S, Craig D, Pringle D. Effects of an abilities-focused program of morning care on residents who have dementia and on caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Apr;48(4):442-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04704.x. |
| 9826992 | Background | Brin MF. Dosing, administration, and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset spasticity. Spasticity Study Group. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997;6:S208-20. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(1997)6+3.0.co;2-1. |
| 10896696 | Background | Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM. Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;69(2):217-21. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.217. |
| 12807591 | Background | Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15. doi: 10.1097/01.JAM.0000043422.31640.F7. |
| 11954869 | Background | Naumann M, Yakovleff A, Durif F; BOTOX Cervical Dystonia Prospective Study Group. A randomized, double-masked, crossover comparison of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A produced from the original bulk toxin source and current bulk toxin source for the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol. 2002 Jan;249(1):57-63. doi: 10.1007/pl00007848. |
| 8230625 | Background | Albright AL, Barron WB, Fasick MP, Polinko P, Janosky J. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for spasticity of cerebral origin. JAMA. 1993 Nov 24;270(20):2475-7. |
| Background | Smetanin P, Kobak P, Briante C, Ahmad S. Rising Tide: The Impact of Dementia in Canada 2008 to 2038. RiskAnalytica; 2009. |
| Background | Knapp M, Comas-Herrera, Somani A, Banerjee S. Dementia: Summary report for the National Audit Office international comparisons. London: Personal Social Services Research Unit London School of Economics and Political Science and Section of Mental Health and Ageing The Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; 2007. |
| Background | Dupre E. Debilite mentale and debilite motrice associees. Rev Neurol 1910;20:54-56. |
| Background | Delagi EF, Perotto A, Iazzetti J, Morrison D. Anatomic Guides for the Elecromyographer. In: Charles C.Thomas, ed., 2nd ed Springfield, 1980. |
| Background | Bhakta BB, Tennant A, Cozens JA, et al. Application of item response theory to measure the disabling effects of severe upper limb spasticity in stroke and the consequent carer burden. Cerebrovascular Dis 1999;9:124. |
| Background | Waltz CFSOL, Lenz ER. Measurement in Nursing Research, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1991. |
| Background | Waardenburg H, Elvers W, Van Vechgel F, Oostendorp R. Can paratonia be measured reliably? Evaluation of the reliability of a visual analogue scale and the modified tonus sclae of Ashworth for measuring paratonia. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie (in dutch) 1999;102:30-35. |
| 25536218 | Derived | Kleiner-Fisman G, Khoo E, Moncrieffe N, Forbell T, Gryfe P, Fisman D. A randomized, placebo controlled pilot trial of botulinum toxin for paratonic rigidity in people with advanced cognitive impairment. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 23;9(12):e114733. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114733. eCollection 2014. |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009122 | Muscle Hypertonia |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D004798 |
| Enzymes |
| D045762 | Enzymes and Coenzymes |
| D045726 | Metalloproteases |
| D001426 | Bacterial Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D001427 | Bacterial Toxins |
| D014118 | Toxins, Biological |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |