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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) | OTHER_GOV |
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To determine if:
BACKGROUND: No previous research appears to have investigated the role of dopamine (DA) D1 or D2 receptors in psychostimulant reinforcement in pathological gamblers. Effects of haloperidol vs. placebo will reveal the role of D2 and the effects of fluphenazine vs. haloperidol will reveal the role of D1 in this process.
OBJECTIVE: This study will begin to define the neurochemistry of Pathological Gambling by examining the roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in gambling reinforcement and psychostimulant reinforcement, and exploring genetic predictors of response to DA probes in Pathological Gambling subjects (subjects) and healthy controls.
METHODS: A double-blind, placebo controlled, counterbalanced between-within design will be employed. Each participant will attend 4 sessions with a minimum of 1 week between sessions to ensure drug washout. Responses to the slot machine will be assessed in sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), and responses to amphetamine will be assessed in sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II). A second capsule (dummy) will be administered at expected peak levels for each antagonist on sessions 1 and 2 to standardize the procedure across sessions.
Subjective reinforcement self-report scales will be administered at key intervals throughout the study.
HYPOTHESIS: It is hypothesized that haloperidol (3-mg) will increase priming (Desire to Gamble, Gambling word salience) and pleasurable effects (e.g., Enjoyment/Liking) induced by playing a slot machine in Pathological Gambling subjects (N = 40). If gambling and stimulant reinforcement are mediated by common mechanisms, haloperidol will also increase priming and pleasurable effects of amphetamine (20-mg) in Pathological Gambling subjects.
If D1 mediates effects of haloperidol, the mixed D1-D2 antagonist, fluphenazine (fluphenazine; 3-mg) will decrease or not alter responses to the slot machine and amphetamine in Pathological Gambling subjects. If D2 deficits are linked with gambling pathology, haloperidol will not affect slot machine or amphetamine reinforcement in controls (N= 40).
If D1 deficits are linked with gambling pathology, fluphenazine will increase gambling and amphetamine reinforcement in controls, by mitigating undue D1 activation in subjects with high baseline D1 function. If D1 or D2 genes contribute to gambling or amphetamine reinforcement, genotype will predict responses to the manipulations.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haloperidol | Active Comparator | Subjects randomized to pre-treatment drug sequence 1 (haloperidol on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (haloperidol on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3 visually identical capsules, each containing 1 mg haloperidol OR 3 visually identical placebo (lactose) capsules Dose 2: when participants reach expected peak blood levels for dose 1, they will receive their second dose. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 visually identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. |
|
| Fluphenazine | Active Comparator | Subjects randomized to pre-treatment drug sequence 1 (fluphenazine on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (fluphenazine on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3 visually identical capsules, each containing 1 mg fluphenazine OR 3 visually identical placebo (lactose) capsules Dose 2: when participants reach expected peak blood levels for dose 1, they will receive their second dose. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 visually identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haloperidol | Drug | Dose/maximum dose = 3-mg; route = oral. Participants assigned to the haloperidol antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). Dose 1: 3 visually identical capsules, each containing 1 mg haloperidol. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Reinforcement Self-report Scales | Self-reported Confidence to Refrain from Gambling (0 - 10) was assessed at test session baseline, before the slot machine and after the slot machine (Phase 1); and before amphetamine and at peak amphetamine (Phase 2). The maximum score (10) denotes complete confidence to refrain from gambling (i.e., NO urge or compulsion to gamble); the minimum score (0) denotes complete lack of confidence to refrain from gambling (i.e., overwhelming urge to gamble). Scores between 10 and 0 denote intermediate confidence to refrain from gambling with LOWER scores denoting less confidence to refrain from gambling -- i.e., GREATER urge or compulsive motivation to gamble. Scores shown are based on single item visual analogue ratings 0-10 from each participant at the specified time point. The mean (SD) of these single item ratings is presented for each sub-group. | At key points in testing: immediately after the slot machine game, and at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | Measure changes from baseline, especially physiologic reactivity to the slot machine and amphetamine. | At key points in testing: immediately after the slot machine game (change from session baseline), and at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration)(change from session baseline). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Daniela Lobo, MD, Ph.D. | Centre for Addiction and Mental Health | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre for Addiction and Mental Health | Toronto | Ontario | M5S 2S1 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. IV-TR ed. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC. | ||
| 11696664 | Background | Enggasser JL, de Wit H. Haloperidol reduces stimulant and reinforcing effects of ethanol in social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 Oct;25(10):1448-56. | |
| 6831826 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is the leading mental health and addictions research facility in Canada, and one of the largest in the world. | View source |
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Pathological Gamblers and healthy Controls were each randomized to receive Haloperidol or Fluphenazine. In each group, treatment sequence (antagonist first, placebo second; or vice versa) was counterbalanced across participants, to control for order effects only (sequence was not a test factor). Two Haloperidol-Controls dropped out after session 1.
Recruitment was conducted for all groups between January 2010 and May 2015
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Haloperidol - Pathological Gamblers | Dose 1: 3 mg haloperidol (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when peak blood levels for dose 1 are reached. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Haloperidol: Dose/maximum dose 3 mg oral. Participants assigned to the haloperidol antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between doses). Dexedrine: Dose/maximum dose 20mg oral. All participants will receive 2 doses (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between doses. |
| FG001 | Fluphenazine - Pathological Gamblers | Dose 1: 3 mg fluphenazine (3 capsules @ 1 mg each) OR 3 visually identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when participants reach peak blood levels for dose 1. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Participants assigned to the fluphenazine antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). All participants will receive 2 doses of Dexedrine (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between individual doses. |
| FG002 | Haloperidol - Controls | Dose 1: 3 mg haloperidol (3 capsules @ 1 mg each) OR 3 identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when peak blood levels for dose 1 are reached. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Haloperidol: Dose/maximum dose 3 mg oral. Participants assigned to the haloperidol antagonist group receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between doses). Dexedrine: Dose/maximum dose 20 mg oral. All participants will receive 2 doses (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between doses. |
| FG003 | Fluphenazine - Controls | Dose 1: 3 mg fluphenazine (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 visually identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when participants reach peak blood levels for dose 1. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Participants assigned to the fluphenazine antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). All participants will receive 2 doses of Dexedrine (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between individual doses. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
All participants were above 18 years of age.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Haloperidol - Pathological Gamblers | A total of 15 pathological gamblers were enrolled in this arm. |
| BG001 | Fluphenazine - Pathological Gamblers | A total of 15 pathological gamblers were enrolled in this arm. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Subjective Reinforcement Self-report Scales | Self-reported Confidence to Refrain from Gambling (0 - 10) was assessed at test session baseline, before the slot machine and after the slot machine (Phase 1); and before amphetamine and at peak amphetamine (Phase 2). The maximum score (10) denotes complete confidence to refrain from gambling (i.e., NO urge or compulsion to gamble); the minimum score (0) denotes complete lack of confidence to refrain from gambling (i.e., overwhelming urge to gamble). Scores between 10 and 0 denote intermediate confidence to refrain from gambling with LOWER scores denoting less confidence to refrain from gambling -- i.e., GREATER urge or compulsive motivation to gamble. Scores shown are based on single item visual analogue ratings 0-10 from each participant at the specified time point. The mean (SD) of these single item ratings is presented for each sub-group. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | At key points in testing: immediately after the slot machine game, and at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration). |
|
Same day as drug administration
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Haloperidol - Pathological Gamblers | Drug sequence 1 (haloperidol on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (haloperidol on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3mg haloperidol (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when peak blood levels for dose 1 are reached. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Haloperidol: Dose/maximum dose 3mg oral. Participants assigned to the haloperidol antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between doses). Dexedrine: Dose/maximum dose 20mg oral. All participants will receive 2 doses (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between doses. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akathisia | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Mild restlessness which is an expected side effect of haloperidol |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Daniela Lobo, Qualified Investigator for Study, Clinician-Scientist | Centre for Addiction and Mental Health | 416-535-8501 | 36568 | Daniela.Lobo@camh.ca |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005715 | Gambling |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012309 | Risk-Taking |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D007174 | Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006220 | Haloperidol |
| D005476 | Fluphenazine |
| D003913 | Dextroamphetamine |
| D007785 | Lactose |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002090 | Butyrophenones |
| D007659 | Ketones |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D010640 | Phenothiazines |
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|
|
| Fluphenazine | Drug | Dose/maximum dose = 3-mg; route = oral. Participants assigned to the fluphenazine antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). Dose 1: 3 visually identical capsules, each containing 1 mg fluphenazine. |
|
|
| Dexedrine | Drug | Dose/maximum dose = 20-mg; route = oral. All participants will receive 2 doses (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between individual doses. Dose 2: when participants reach expected peak blood levels for dose 1, they will receive their second dose. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 visually identical capsules each containing 10 mg D-amphetamine. |
|
|
| Placebo | Drug | Dose 1: On alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing) participants will receive 3 visually identical placebo (lactose) capsules. Dose 2: when participants reach expected peak blood levels for dose 1, they will receive their second dose. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. |
|
|
| Slot Machine | Behavioral | 15 minute play of a commercial slot machine game in bar-simulated laboratory setting. |
|
|
| Cognitive Task Performance | Response time to words (gambling, alcohol, positive affect, negative affect) as a percentage of neutral categorized words (parts of a building). This provides an index of the relative salience of stimuli from these four categories against a baseline of reaction to words with no clinical relevance or emotional valence. Smaller scores indicate faster relative response time to the test stimuli vs. neutral stimuli (i.e., greater salience) | At key points during testing: immediately after the slot machine, at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration) |
| Betting Behaviour in Laboratory-based Slot Machine Game | Risk taking was operationally defined as credits wagered per spin (mean computed for total spins) | 1x per test session (total of 4 test sessions) for duration of the study: 4 weeks (1 session/week) |
| Speed of Play on Slot Machine Game | Number of individual spins in a 15-minute slot machine game. Each spin corresponds to one wager. | 15-minutes |
| Winnings on Slot Machine Upon Completion of Game | Credits | 15-minutes |
| Background |
| Holley FO, Magliozzi JR, Stanski DR, Lombrozo L, Hollister LE. Haloperidol kinetics after oral and intravenous doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983 Apr;33(4):477-84. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1983.65. |
| 3631315 | Background | Lesieur HR, Blume SB. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Sep;144(9):1184-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.9.1184. |
| 6662169 | Background | Midha KK, McKay G, Edom R, Korchinski ED, Hawes EM, Hall K. Kinetics of oral fluphenazine disposition in humans by GC-MS. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;25(5):709-11. doi: 10.1007/BF00542363. |
| 12167550 | Background | Wachtel SR, Ortengren A, de Wit H. The effects of acute haloperidol or risperidone on subjective responses to methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Sep 1;68(1):23-33. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00104-7. |
| 9807980 | Background | Wong YN, Wang L, Hartman L, Simcoe D, Chen Y, Laughton W, Eldon R, Markland C, Grebow P. Comparison of the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil and dextroamphetamine administered alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;38(10):971-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04395.x. |
| 36919514 | Derived | Zack M, Lobo D, Biback C, Fang T, Smart K, Tatone D, Kalia A, Digiacomo D, Kennedy JL. Priming effects of a slot machine game and amphetamine on probabilistic risk-taking in people with gambling disorder and healthy controls. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2023 Feb;45(1):31-60. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2187041. Epub 2023 Mar 15. |
| BG002 | Haloperidol - Controls | A total of 15 control subjects were enrolled in this arm. |
| BG003 | Fluphenazine - Controls | A total of 15 control subjects were enrolled in this arm. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) | Range of possible scores on the SOGS is 0-20. A score of 5 or more indicates "probable pathological gambling" with respect to DSM criteria. | Mean | Full Range | units on a scale |
|
| Beck Depression Inventory - past 2 weeks | Measure of depressive symptoms in the past 2 weeks. The scale contains 13 items scored 0-3 in increasing severity (range of possible scores: 0-39). A score of 10 is considered the cut-off for clinically relevant depressive symptoms. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Eysenck Impulsivity Scale | This 19-item yes/no scale measures trait impulsivity. Scores range from 0-19. The normative mean in the general population is 9. The mean score in large samples of people with pathological gambling is also 9. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Alcohol Dependence Scale | This 25-item scale assesses severity of the Alcohol Dependence syndrome. Total scores range from 0-51. A score of 13 corresponds to the 1st quartile and scores from 0-13 are said to indicate low dependence. A score of 9 or more has been associated with alcohol "abuse." | Mean | Full Range | units on a scale |
|
| Timeline Followback | number of alcoholic drinks per week | Mean | Full Range | number of alcoholic drinks per week |
|
| OG000 |
| Haloperidol - Pathological Gamblers |
A total of 15 pathological gamblers were enrolled in this arm. |
| OG001 | Fluphenazine - Pathological Gamblers | A total of 15 pathological gamblers were enrolled in this arm. |
| OG002 | Haloperidol - Controls | A total of 15 controls were enrolled in this arm. |
| OG003 | Fluphenazine - Controls | A total of 15 controls were enrolled in this arm. |
|
|
| Secondary | Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | Measure changes from baseline, especially physiologic reactivity to the slot machine and amphetamine. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | At key points in testing: immediately after the slot machine game (change from session baseline), and at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration)(change from session baseline). |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Cognitive Task Performance | Response time to words (gambling, alcohol, positive affect, negative affect) as a percentage of neutral categorized words (parts of a building). This provides an index of the relative salience of stimuli from these four categories against a baseline of reaction to words with no clinical relevance or emotional valence. Smaller scores indicate faster relative response time to the test stimuli vs. neutral stimuli (i.e., greater salience) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of neutral categorized words | At key points during testing: immediately after the slot machine, at expected peak subjective-behavioral effects for amphetamine (90-minutes post-capsule administration) |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Betting Behaviour in Laboratory-based Slot Machine Game | Risk taking was operationally defined as credits wagered per spin (mean computed for total spins) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | credits/spin on slot machine | 1x per test session (total of 4 test sessions) for duration of the study: 4 weeks (1 session/week) |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Speed of Play on Slot Machine Game | Number of individual spins in a 15-minute slot machine game. Each spin corresponds to one wager. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | individual spins/15-minutes | 15-minutes |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Winnings on Slot Machine Upon Completion of Game | Credits | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | credits | 15-minutes |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 15 |
| 0 |
| 15 |
| EG001 | Fluphenazine - Pathological Gamblers | Drug sequence 1 (fluphenazine on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (fluphenazine on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3 mg fluphenazine (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 visually identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when participants reach peak blood levels for dose 1. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Participants assigned to the fluphenazine antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). All participants will receive 2 doses of Dexedrine (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between individual doses. | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| EG002 | Haloperidol - Controls | Drug sequence 1 (haloperidol on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (haloperidol on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3mg haloperidol (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when peak blood levels for dose 1 are reached. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, visually identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Haloperidol: Dose/maximum dose 3mg oral. Participants assigned to the haloperidol antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between doses). Dexedrine: Dose/maximum dose 20mg oral. All participants will receive 2 doses (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between doses. | 0 | 15 | 2 | 15 |
| EG003 | Fluphenazine - Controls | Drug sequence 1 (fluphenazine on day 1 of each phase), or drug sequence 2 (fluphenazine on day 2 of each phase). Dose 1: 3 mg fluphenazine (3 capsules @ 1mg each) OR 3 visually identical placebo capsules on alternate sessions (1 and 3 or 2 and 4, depending on counterbalancing). Dose 2: administered when participants reach peak blood levels for dose 1. On sessions 1 and 2 (Phase I), this will consist of 2 dummy capsules, identical to those administered for dose 1. On sessions 3 and 4 (Phase II), the dose will consist of 2 identical capsules each containing 10 mg dexedrine. Response measured to 15 min session of a commercial slot machine game. Participants assigned to the fluphenazine antagonist group will receive 2 doses (@ 3 mg) on alternate sessions (with minimum of 2 weeks between individual doses). All participants will receive 2 doses of Dexedrine (@ 20 mg) during Phase II - sessions 3, 4, with minimum 1 week between individual doses. | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 |
|
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| D013457 |
| Sulfur Compounds |
| D006575 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D000661 | Amphetamine |
| D000662 | Amphetamines |
| D010627 | Phenethylamines |
| D005021 | Ethylamines |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D004187 | Disaccharides |
| D009844 | Oligosaccharides |
| D011134 | Polysaccharides |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D000073893 | Sugars |
| Placebo-Change in DBP pre-to-post slot machine |
|
| Drug-Change in DBP pre-amphetamine to peak amph |
|
| Placebo-Change in DBP pre-amphetamine to peak amp |
|
| post-slots-ALC words under drug |
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| post-slots POS words under drug |
|
| post-slots NEG words under drug |
|
| post-slots GAM words under placebo |
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| post-slots ALC words under placebo |
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| post-slots POS words under placebo |
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| post-slots NEG words under placebo |
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| peak AMPH GAM words under drug |
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| peak AMPH ALC words under drug |
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| peak AMPH POS words under drug |
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| peak AMPH NEG words under drug |
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| peak AMPH GAM words under placebo |
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| peak AMPH ALC words under placebo |
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| peak AMPH POS words under placebo |
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| peak AMPH NEG words under placebo |
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| Mean bet under placebo |
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| Spins/15-minutes under Placebo |
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| Winnings (Final Credit Tally) under Placebo |
|