No eligible patient was enrolled.

The project was undertaking by Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and other 5 well-known hospitals in China. In order to report the efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin combining with cyclosporin A for the treatment of adults with refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), compared to cyclosporin A monotherapy.

The investigators are undertaking a parallel group, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 120 steroid-resistant/relapsed ITP adult patients from 6 medical centers in China. One part of the participants are randomly selected to receive recombinant human thrombopoietin (given subcutaneously at a dose of 300 Units/kg for 14 consecutive days, following with a flexible dosage depending on platelet count until the 29th day), combining with cyclosporin A (given orally at a dose of 1.5-2.0mg/kg twice daily for 3 consecutive months, adjusted to maintain serum levels between 200-400 ng/ml and tapered by 50 mg/d per week if patients achieved a complete response). The others are selected to receive cyclosporin A monotherapy (given orally at a dose of 1.5-2.0mg/kg twice daily for 3 consecutive months, adjusted to maintain serum levels between 200-400 ng/ml and tapered by 50 mg/d per week if patients achieved a complete response). Platelet count, bleeding and other symptoms were evaluated before and after treatment. Adverse events are also recorded throughout the study. In order to report the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy compared to cyclosporin A monotherapy for the treatment of adults with steroid-resistant/relapsed ITP.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Meet the diagnostic criteria for immune thrombocytopenia.
2. Steroid-resistant/relapsed hospitalized patients, may be male or female, between the ages of 18-80 years.
3. To show a platelet count < 30×10^9/L, and with bleeding manifestations.
4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group（ECOG）performance status ≤ 2.
5. Willing and able to sign written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Received chemotherapy or anticoagulants or other drugs affecting the platelet counts within 3 months before the screening visit.
2. Current HIV infection or hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infections. 3.Severe medical condition (lung, hepatic or renal disorder) other than ITP. 4.Unstable or uncontrolled disease or condition related to or impacting cardiac function (e.g., unstable angina, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia)

5.Female patients who are nursing or pregnant, who may be pregnant, or who contemplate pregnancy during the study period.

6.Have a known diagnosis of other autoimmune diseases, established in the medical history and laboratory findings with positive results for the determination of antinuclear antibodies, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant or direct Coombs test.

7.Patients who are deemed unsuitable for the study by the investigator.