Cirrhotic patients are predisposed to intestinal dysmotility, bacterial overgrowth, and increased intestinal permeability all leading to an increase in bacterial translocation and increased endotoxemia. Rifaximin is an antibiotic that is virtually non-absorbed after oral administration and exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract. It has been suggested that oral prophylactic antibiotics or bowel decontamination might improve long-term outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of rifaximin on the complications of advanced cirrhosis.

Cirrhotic patients are predisposed to intestinal dysmotility, bacterial overgrowth, and increased intestinal permeability all leading to an increase in bacterial translocation and increased endotoxemia. Cirrhotics with bacterial translocation and endotoxemia manifest hemodynamic derangement with lower systemic vascular resistance, higher cardiac output, and lower mean arterial pressure. Moreover, endotoxins may increase portal pressure by increasing vascular resistance which may be promoted through the cytokine-stimulated intrahepatic release of endothelin and cyclo-oxygenase products.

Indeed, bacterial infections are common in cirrhotic patients and have approximately 30% mortality at one month and a further 30% mortality at 12 months as documented in a systematic review comprising almost 12 000 patients. It follows that altering gut flora to decrease endotoxin levels may lead to improved prognosis in cirrhosis. Rifaximin is an antibiotic that is virtually non-absorbed after oral administration and exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract. It has been suggested that oral prophylactic antibiotics or bowel decontamination might improve long-term outcomes in patients with cirrhosis, not only by reducing the risk of infections but also by reducing hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG).

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of rifaximin on the complications of advanced cirrhosis.

1. Eligicility criteria (1) Willing to give written informed consent and comply with the study restrictions and requirements (2) Age from 18 to 75 years at screening (3) Clinical diagnosis of decompensated liver cirrhosis
2. Exclusion criteria (1) Episodes of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE), esophageal gastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) within one month (2) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA ≥ 500 copy/ml (3) Standard antiviral treament duration less than six months for patients receiving antiviral treatment for hepatitis B or hepatitis C (4) Planned to receive or change the antiviral treament projects at the screening (5) Unwilling to stop alcohol abuse after inclusion (≥20 g/ d for women or ≥40 g/d for men) (6) Serum total bilirubin ≥ 170 μmol/L (7) Serum sodium level < 125 mmol/L (8) White blood cell count < 1×109/L (9) Serum creatinine ≥ 1.2 fold of upper limits of normal (10) Clinically diagnosed or suspected as liver malignancy (11) Previous use of antibiotics within two weeks before inclusion (12) HIV seropositivity (13) Poorly controlled hypertension, diabetes mellitus or other severe heart and lung diseases (14) Known hypersensitivity to rifaximin (15) Pregnancy and lactation woman (16) Participated in other studies within three months before screening (17) Not suitble for participating the study judged by investigators