The arrival on the market of direct oral factor Xa and factor IIa inhibitors (dabigatran (Pradaxa®), rivaroxaban (Xarelto®), apixaban (Eliquis®) and others soon to come) raises novel questions among clinicians confronted with the emergency management of patients treated with these new drugs. It is likely that these new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) will eventually win a significant market share in the indications secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism and prevention of cardioembolic events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, due to their net clinical benefit and their practicality of use compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs).

However, despite the fact that NOACs reduce the incidence of intracranial bleeding by about half compared with VKAs, the risk remains significant; furthermore, in clinical trials, these drugs had little or no effect on reducing the incidence of major extracranial bleeding. In everyday practice, where the indication could be expanded to unselected populations and due to a potential for misuse, it is likely that the incidence of bleeding complications will be higher than that reported in clinical trials. Indeed, the numerous alerts emanating from regulatory agencies in various countries (US, Australia, etc.) bear witness to this, and should serve as a reminder that these anticoagulants have a real potential for bleeding complications and, in the absence of an antidote, there is no validated management strategy.

Furthermore, as these drugs can be prescribed for months or years, patients may eventually be exposed to situations at high hemorrhagic risk, such as emergency surgery or invasive procedures, trauma, etc. Analysis of data from the trial : dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (RE-LY) showed that during the two years of follow-up, approximately 25% of the patients underwent an invasive procedure, ranging from pacemaker insertion to major surgery. Thus, a large proportion of patients treated with NOACs are concerned by this issue.

In anticipation of a gradually increasing influx of patients in a critical situation (active bleeding or need to rapidly secure hemostasis before an invasive procedure), it is urgent to define the conduct to adopt based on the experience gained from the earliest cases. This is the objective of the French-speaking GIHP-NACO observatory set up by the GIHP (French Working Group on Perioperative Hemostasis).

For the moment, then, the management recommendations derive from expert opinions based on pharmacokinetic data and on the partial correction of NOAC-induced hypocoagulability by various nonspecific procoagulants (non-activated or activated prothrombin complex concentrates, recombinant factor VIIa). These procoagulants are currently used in an empirical manner to control bleeding, with as many successes as failures reported in the literature, and their benefit-risk ratio in these patients is therefore uncertain.

The management of critical situations is difficult for several reasons:

• First, there is significant intra- and inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of NOACs, which is further heightened in the critical setting by drug interactions with other agents that interfere with P-GLYCOPROTEIN (P-GP) and cytochrome ( cytochrome P4503A4) in patients who are often elderly and multi medicated, and by rapid variations in renal function, which is essential for elimination of NOACs.
• Second, biological guidance is weak: there is no clearcut therapeutic range nor any validated hemostatic safety cutoff, as is the case with the International Normalized Ratio (INR) for VKAs. Conventional coagulation tests (PT/aPTT) are poorly standardized and difficult to interpret. Assays to measure the serum concentrations of these drugs are not widespread outside of a few teaching hospitals.
• Third, there is a lack of clinical experience. Analyses of critical situations that occurred during clinical trials were done after the fact and the data collected are heterogeneous and incomplete. Clinical cases reported in the literature are rarely well documented.

The objective of the observatory is to rapidly acquire documented and thorough feedback on clinical experience with these new drugs that will be able to confer a higher level of evidence to the management recommendations for treated patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 18 years
• Managed in view of surgery or an invasive procedure, emergency or not
• Managed and hospitalized for active bleeding
• Long-term therapy (in the indication atrial fibrillation or treatment of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) by at least one antithrombotic agent from the following list: DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE or RIVAROXABAN or APIXABAN

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women
• Refusal to participate in the study: listed in the non-inclusion registry
• Antithrombotics indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolism

Subjects managed in view of surgery or an invasive procedure, emergency or not managed and hospitalized for active bleeding with a long-term therapy (in the indication atrial fibrillation or treatment of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) by one antithrombotic agent (Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban)