Insulin preparation -random assignment to regular insulin lin or lispro insulin as first treatment- was administered at constant infusion rate (0.04 units/Kg/h) in patients presenting blood glucose concentration ≥180 mg/dl and was discontinued when blood glucose concentration ≤140 mg/dl (therapeutic blood glucose concentration drop). Further reduction in blood glucose concentration after discontinuation of insulin infusion was recorded (post-infusional blood glucose concentration drop). During the study period blood glucose concentration, in whole blood, was measured every 30 minutes. At least 6 hours interval was allowed between the 2 treatments.
Inclusion criteria: Patients older than 18 years of age receiving full nutritional calories supply who presented blood glucose concentration ≥180 mg/dl. Exclusion criteria: moribund patients and patients enrolled on other studies were excluded. Patients with type 1 diabetes, patients with insulin-dependent diabetes are excluded and patients with glycated hemoglobin (glycosilated hemoglobin) >5.6% are also excluded because of the potential of underlying insulin resistance.
A randomized crossover design is used. Patients receiving insulin infusion therapy are prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to start the treatment either with lispro insulin or regular insulin at a dose of 0.04 units/Kg/h. After full enteral or parenteral nutrition is established, the insulin infusion therapy is started if blood glucose concentration ≥180 mg/dl (upper blood glucose concentration threshold) and is kept constant until blood glucose concentration is ≤140 mg/dl (lower blood glucose concentration threshold). Insulin infusion is discontinued after the blood glucose concentration reached ≤140 mg/dl. Because of the crossover design of the study, the same patient is treated with both lispro insulin or regular insulin infusion allowing an interval of at least 6 hours between the 2 treatments. During the study period -IIT and after insulin infusion is discontinued- the blood glucose concentration is measured every 30 minutes in whole blood (with blood gas analysis) until blood glucose concentration values return within the target threshold (140-180 mg/dl). The primary outcome measure was the extent of "residual effect" after that insulin (Hlog or Hlin) infusion has been discontinued. This variable is expressed as the ratio between blood glucose concentration reduction during insulin infusion (from the beginning of insulin infusion for blood glucose concentration values >180 mg/dl, to the first measurement ≤140 mg/dl) and blood glucose concentration reduction after insulin infusion is discontinued (from the first blood glucose concentration value ≤140 mg/dl to the lowest blood glucose concentration value recorded). Secondary end point measures are: rate of blood glucose concentration reduction during insulin infusion (mg/dl/h-1), duration of the "residual effect" (time elapsed between insulin infusion discontinuation and the lowestblood glucose concentration value), and the rate of blood glucose concentration increase from lowest blood glucose concentration value to the first blood glucose concentration value ≥140 mg/dl.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: